注目したいのは、このとき、鄧小平が「偉大な日本人民に学びたい」と日本を熱心に視察したことであるIt is noteworthy that at this time, Deng Xiaoping was eager to observed Japan, saying that he wanted to "learn from the great Japanese people." 記者会見で鄧小平は、「日本に学ぶところはたくさんあり、日本の科学自述ひいては資金さえ借りることもあるでしょう」と述べ、「日本政府が借款を提供する形式についてはまだ考えていないが、今後検討したい」と借款についてきわめて前向きだったAt the press conference, Deng Xiaoping said, "There is a lot to learn from Japan, and we may even borrow funds from Japan." He seemed very positive about the loan, saying, "We have not yet considered the form in which the Japanese government would provide the loan, but we would like to consider it in the future." 新日鉄君津製作所を稲山嘉寛会長の案内で視察したあと、京都に向かったAfter touring the Nippon Steel Kimitsu Works under the guidance of Chairman Yoshihiro Inayama, he headed to Kyoto. 新幹線の印象を「まるで後ろから押されて走っているようだね。私たちはいま走ることが非常に大事だ」と答え、大阪では松下幸之助相談役の案内で、松下電気のテレビ工場を視察しているWhen asked about his impression of the Shinkansen, he replied, "It's as if we're being pushed from behind. Now, it's very important for us to run." In Osaka, he was shown around a Matsushita Electric TV factory with the guidance of Konosuke Matsushita, a consultant for the company.（『北京周報Beijing Weekly』１９７８年第４３期）.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I2uxXp79hK0

①Inayama Yoshihiro (japanisch 稲山 嘉寛이나야마 요시히로; geboren 2. Januar 1904 in Tokio東京都出身; gestorben 9. Oktober 1987)Инаяма Ёсихиро war ein japanischer Unternehmer.

②Беларускаяベラルーシ語→Каносукэ Мацусіта (松下 幸之助마쓰시타 고노스케, Matsushita Kōnosuke; 27 лістапада 1894和歌山県出身 — 27 красавіка 1989)Коносукэ Мацусита — японскі прамысловец, заснавальнік Panasonic, найбуйнейшай японскай кампаніі бытавой электронікі. У Японіі Мацусіта называюць «богам кіравання».
　日中平和友好条約は、覇権問題が日中間の交渉で争点だっただけに、日本ではほとんど、ソ連に対抗する「覇権主義反対」の文脈で評価されているSince the issue of hegemony was a major point of contention in the negotiations between Japan and China, the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and China is mostly evaluated in Japan in the context of "opposition to hegemonism" in opposition to the Soviet Union. だが、鄧小平訪日と合わせ考えると、中国がこの条約に期待したのは、対ソ戦略関係もさることながら、日本との経済関係の強化だったようであるHowever, considering Deng Xiaoping's visit to Japan, it appears that what China hoped for from this treaty was to strengthen economic ties with Japan, as well as strategic relations with the Soviet Union. この条約と鄧小平訪日は、その後の日中経済関係の構築に向けた重要なステップだったのであるThis treaty and Deng Xiaoping's visit to Japan were important steps toward the building of subsequent economic relations between Japan and China.

　初の長期貿易取り決め
　ところで、正常化後の１９７４年１月には貿易協定が結ばれ、最恵国待遇、日中貿易混合委員会の設置など、日中経済関係がはじめて公式に制度化されたAfter normalization, a trade agreement was concluded in January 1974, and Japan-China economic relations were officially institutionalized for the first time, including most-favored-nation treatment and the establishment of a Japan-China Mixed Trade Committee. 同年四月には航空協定、翌年八月には漁業協定も結ばれたAn aviation agreement was concluded in April of the same year, and a fisheries agreement in August of the following year. １９７３～７４年にかけて日本の経済界には中国ブームが起こったBetween 1973 and 1974, there was a China boom in the Japanese business world. 折からの石油危機のため、原油などエネルギー資源を中国に期待したのであるDue to the oil crisis at the time, Japan looked to China for crude oil and other energy resources. 中国からの原油輸入、日本からはプラント輸出という構造で、日中貿易の総量も７２年の１１億ドルから、７３年２０億ドル（前年比８３％増）。７４年３２億ドル（同６３％増）と大幅に伸びたWith crude oil imported from China and plants exported from Japan, the total volume of trade between Japan and China grew significantly from $1.1 billion in 1972 to $2 billion in 1973 (an 83% increase from the previous year) and $3.2 billion in 1974 (a 63% increase). だがこれも、原油価格が高騰し、「四人組」がこうした経済関係を「洋奴哲学」だとして徹底的に批判したために、７４年後半以降は減少に向かうHowever, this also began to decline after the second half of 1974 as crude oil prices soared and the Gang of Four thoroughly criticized such economic relations as a "Western slave philosophy."

　日中の経済関係が正常化にふさわしいものになるのは、１９７８年２月に結ばれた長期貿易協定以降のことであるIt was only after the conclusion of a long-term trade agreement in February 1978 that economic relations between Japan and China became appropriate for normalization. この取り決めは、７８年から８５年までの八年間、中国が原油・原料炭・一般炭を（１００億ドル）、日本がプラントおよび技術（７０～８０億ドル）と建設用資材・機材（２０～３０億ドル）を輸出するというものであるUnder this agreement, over an eight-year period from 1978 to 1985, China would export crude oil, coking coal, and steam coal ($10 billion), and Japan would export plants and technology ($7-8 billion) and construction materials and equipment ($2-3 billion). １９７７年の日本の対中輸入の４２％が原油だったように、この段階では日本はもっぱら原油に期待していたAt this stage Japan was relying primarily on crude oil, as 42% of Japan's imports from China in 1977 were crude oil. だが、「長期貿易協定を契機として、石油、石炭をたんに中国から輸入するだけでなく、日本が中国の資源開発に協力する”開発輸入”方式へと発展」していったHowever, "the long-term trade agreement led to a shift away from simply importing oil and coal from China to a 'developmental import' approach in which Japan cooperated with China in developing its resources."（丸山伸郎Nobuo Maruyama・２００１）.

　プラント契約のキャンセル
　ところが、７０年代８０年代初めにもう一度曲折があったYet, there was another turning point in the 1970s and early 1980s. 中国が無計画にプラントを導入結果、資金難をきたし、日本との契約の一部キャンセルを突然通告してきたのであるAs a result of China introducing the plant without planning, it ran into financial difficulties and suddenly announced the cancellation of some of its contracts with Japan. ７８～７９年のプラント購入は８０億ドルに達し、７９年２月中国政府は、支払い能力不足を理由に宝山製鉄所プロジェクトなどの一部契約を見合わせたいと言ってきたPlant purchases from 1978 to 1979 reached $8 billion, and in February 1979 the Chinese government said it wanted to postpone some contracts, including the Baoshan Steel Works project, citing a lack of ability to repay. 宝山製鉄所第二期工事、および南京・山東・北京などで導入予定の石油化学プラントの契約破棄を通告してきたThe company has notified China that it will terminate contracts for the second phase of construction at the Baoshan Steel Works, as well as for petrochemical plants planned for construction in Nanjing, Shandong, Beijing, and other locations. 
＊Русскийロシア語→Baoshan Iron and Steel Company Limited (Baosteel)中国宝武钢铁集团有限公司（简称宝武集团、宝武，英語：Baowu） — крупнейшая китайская сталелитейная компания, входит в состав государственного металлургического холдинга China Baowu Steel Group. 
総額３０億ドルにのぼるこのキャンセル問題は、中国から十分な資金計画や調整なしに対日経済関係を急いだために生じたもので、理由は単純だったThe reason for the cancellations, which amounted to a total of $3 billion, was simple: China's rush to strengthen its economic ties with Japan without sufficient financial planning or coordination. だが、開放したばかり、また毛沢東路線をそのまま継承した華国鋒のもとでの政治的不安定も手伝ってHowever, China had just been liberated, and political instability under Hua Guofeng, who continued Mao Zedong's policies, contributed to the、当時中国内では「日本の商人にうまくだまされ、不必要なものまで買わされた」との批判が全国人民代表大会で飛び出るほどになり（１９８０年８月）、「無軌道なプラント導入」をめぐって日中間に暗雲が立ち込めたat that time in China, criticism that "Japanese merchants had cleverly tricked us into buying things we didn't even need" was voiced at the National People's Congress (August 1980), and dark clouds began to gather between Japan and China over the "reckless introduction of plants."

＊Deutschドイツ語→Hua Guofeng (chinesisch 華國鋒화궈펑 / 华国锋Хуа Гофэн, Pinyin Huà Guófēng; ursprünglicher Name Sū Zhù 苏铸; * 16. Februar 1921 in Jiaocheng (Provinz Shanxi); † 20. August 2008 in Peking) war ein chinesischer Politiker. Er wurde 1976 als Nachfolger von Mao Zedong Vorsitzender des Zentralkomitees der Kommunistischen Partei Chinas.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jnmN8CpZ4t0
このキャンセル騒動は一時日本側の対中不信を呼び、日中間のあらなた摩擦が懸念されたが、８１年３月の日本の金融支援、中国の経済調整、鄧小平政権の安定と対外開放政策の進展とともに、こうした摩擦はくり返されずにすんだThis cancellation incident temporarily caused distrust of China on the Japanese side, and there were fears of new friction between the two countries. However, with Japan's financial assistance in March 1981, China's economic adjustment, and the stability of the Deng Xiaoping administration and the progress of its open-door policy, such friction was averted from recurring.
　宝山製鉄所は、８０年代の新しい日中関係のシンボルである。近代化を助ける日本という好イメージも中国で定着していったThe Baoshan Steel Works is a symbol of the new Japan-China relations of the 1980s. The positive image of Japan as a country helping China with modernization also took root in China. 戦後東北地方に残留し中国養父に育てられた青年が、宝山製鉄所の技術者として、日本人の父親と再会する小説『大地の子』（山崎豊子）は、日中共同でテレビドラマ化され、両国でベストセラーとなったThe novel "Child of the Earth" (Yamazaki Toyoko), about a young man who remained in the Tohoku region after the war and was raised by a Chinese adoptive father, reunites with his Japanese father, who works as an engineer at the Baoshan Steel Works, was made into a television drama jointly produced by Japan and China and became a bestseller in both countries.

＊Françaisフランス語→L'Enfant de la Terre大地之子Дитя Земли是日本作家山崎豐子的小說Il s'agit d'un roman de l'auteur japonais Yamazaki Toyoko, et le personnage principal est un orphelin qui reste au Japon, dans le nord-est de la Chine, après la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Le roman est publié à Taiwan par Migita Publishing. En 1995, il a été adapté en série télévisée par la Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK) et la China Central Television ; il convient de mentionner que le personnage principal, Kamikawa Takaya, qui joue Lu Yixin, et Nakadai Tatsuya, qui joue le père de Lu Yixin, ont de nombreuses répliques en mandarin dans la série. Il a été diffusé à Taïwan par la Radio and Television Foundation (pendant la période de diffusion moyenne) et publié sur VHS et VCD à Taïwan, avec l'audio original publié par Galin Tianlong Company. DVD sortis au Japon ces dernières années.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bMVoZtD3O4w

　中国の改革開放政策
　日中関係が本格的に始動するには、中国での脱毛沢東化と対外開放が不可欠だったが、１９７８年末から８２年まではかなり曲折したFor Japan-China relations to get off the ground in earnest, it was essential for China to become more liberalized and open up to the outside world, but the period from the end of 1978 to 1982 was marked by many twists and turns. 新段階を切り開いたのは、１９７８年末に開かれた中国共産党の１１期三中全会であるThe Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, held at the end of 1978, opened up a new stage. この会議は鄧小平、陳雲などが主導し、開放と近代化を総路線とした点で現代中国の分岐点となったThis conference was led by Deng Xiaoping, Chen Yun and others, and marked a turning point for modern China in that it adopted an overall policy of opening up and modernization. この三中全会のコミュニケは、次のように近代化路線への転換を宣言したThe communique of the Third Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee declared a shift to a modernization course as follows:
 「大規模な嵐のような大衆的階級闘争はすでに基本的に終わったThe great storm of mass class struggle has basically ended」、「全国的規模で林彪、”四人組”を摘発・批判する運動が基本的に勝利したことで、７９年から全党の活動の重点を社会主義近代化の建設に移すWith the nationwide campaign to expose and criticize Lin Biao and the "Gang of Four" basically successful, the party shifted its focus of activities to the construction of socialist modernization in 1979」、「農業・鉱業・国防・科学技術の四つの近代化の実現には生産力の大幅な向上が必要であり、生産力の発展に照応しない生産関係と上部構造を変える必要があり、不適当なすべての管理方式、活動方式、思想方式を変える必要があるTo achieve the four modernizations of agriculture, mining, national defense and science and technology, a great increase in productive forces is necessary. It is necessary to change the relations of production and the superstructure that are not in keeping with the development of productive forces, and it is necessary to change all inappropriate management methods, modes of operation and modes of ideology. したがってそれは、幅広い、深刻な革命であるIt is therefore a broad and profound revolution」.
　こうして、毛沢東時代の「階級闘争を要とする」、「プロレタリア独裁のもとでの継続革命」は否定され、「革命としての近代化」が始まることになったThus, the Mao era's ideas of "class struggle as the cornerstone" and "continuous revolution under the dictatorship of the proletariat" were rejected, and "modernization as revolution" began. 鄧小平が党副主席として完全に復権し、胡耀邦が党中央秘書長、中央宣伝部長に抜擢されたDeng Xiaoping was fully restored to his power as Vice Chairman of the Party, and Hu Yaobang was promoted to Secretary-General of the Party Central Committee and Director of the Central Propaganda Department. ８０年代に入ると、胡耀邦が党のトップへ、趙紫陽が国務院トップに躍進し、この二人が最高設計者である鄧小平を助ける二本の腕として８０年代全体の改革と開放を支えたIn the 1980s, Hu Yaobang rose to the top of the party, and Zhao Ziyang rose to the top of the State Council, and these two supported the reform and opening-up throughout the 1980s as the two arms supporting Deng Xiaoping, the chief architect.
　中国がこれまで徹底的に否定してきた資本主義国からの外資導入に踏み切るのは、１９７８年のことだが（後述）、それとならんで対外開放全体の起爆剤となったのは、南方に設けた四つの経済特区であるIt was in 1978 that China finally decided to allow foreign capital from capitalist countries, something it had previously rejected (see below), and what served as the catalyst for the entire opening up to the outside world were the four special economic zones established in the south. １９８０年５月に中国政府は、広東省の深圳・珠海・汕頭、福建省の厦門に経済特区を作り、他の途上国の輸出加工区にならって、西側の先進的技術と設備、資金、経営管理などを誘致する基地にすることを決めたIn May 1980, the Chinese government decided to establish special economic zones in Shenzhen, Zhuhai, and Shantou in Guangdong Province, and Xiamen in Fujian Province, to serve as bases for attracting advanced Western technology, equipment, capital, and management, modeled after export processing zones in other developing countries. この推進者である鄧小平は、経済特区を技術・管理・知識・対外政策の「四つの窓」と位置づけ、対外開放のモデル地区としたのであるDeng Xiaoping, the promoter of this initiative, positioned the special economic zones as the "four windows" of technology, management, knowledge, and foreign policy, and made them model areas for opening up to the outside world.
　四つの特区と後に指定された海南島は、香港・台湾に近い地の利と外資導入の新政策によってとくに華人資本を大量に受け入れ、その後の中国経済急成長の原動力となったHainan Island, which was later designated as one of the four special zones, attracted large amounts of Chinese capital in particular due to its convenient location near Hong Kong and Taiwan and new policies for introducing foreign capital, and became the driving force behind the rapid growth of the Chinese economy thereafter. ちなみに、８０年代初めには人口たった２０万人だった小村、深圳は、２５年後のいま８００万人を擁する巨大都市に変貌しているBy the way, Shenzhen, a small village with a population of just 200,000 in the early 1980s, has now, 25 years later, transformed into a huge city with a population of 8 million.

　独立自主路線の採用

　だが、すでに述べたように、この時期の中国の対外戦略は、主要敵、ソ連に対抗するための戦略的なものだったHowever, as already mentioned, China's foreign strategy during this period was strategic in order to counter its main enemy, the Soviet Union. 米国との「戦略関係」もその一つであるThe "strategic relationship" with the United States is one of them. ８０年代初頭まで米中間では人的にも、物的にも軍事往来が非常に増えたUntil the early 1980s, military exchanges between the United States and China, both in terms of personnel and materials, had increased significantly. こうした戦略外交が実利的な全方位外交に変わるのが、８２年９月の第２回党大会であるThis strategic diplomacy was transformed into pragmatic, all-round diplomacy at the Second Party Congress in September 1982.

＊Українськаウクライナ語→中国共产党第十二次全国代表大会12e Congrès national du Parti communiste chinoisXII з'їзд Комуністичної партії Китаю проходив 1–11 вересня 1982 року у Пекіні. На з'їзді були присутні 1600 делегатів і 149 кандидатів у делегати за чисельності КПК на той момент 39,65 млн осіб.

中国はそれを「対外政策の重大な調整」と呼ぶ。「主要敵論」から「是々非々主義外交」に変わったのであるChina calls it a "major adjustment in foreign policy," moving from a "major enemy theory" to a "justice-based diplomacy"（岡部達味・２００１）.

　この第１２回党大会は、２０世紀末までの近代化計画を設定したこと、「中国の特色をもつ社会主義」を「独立自主外交」を打ち出したことThis 12th Party Congress set out a modernization plan for the rest of the 20th century, and promoted "socialism with Chinese characteristics" and "independent and autonomous diplomacy." 鄧小平・胡耀邦・趙紫陽の新指導部を出発させたことなどで、近代化が本格的にスタートしたことを告げたWith the appointment of a new leadership team of Deng Xiaoping, Hu Yaobang, and Zhao Ziyang, he announced that modernization had begun in earnest. 

＊Zhao Ziyang趙紫陽 (Chinese: 赵紫阳자오쯔양; pronounced [ʈʂâʊ tsɹ̩̀.jǎŋ], 17 October 1919 – 17 January 2005)Чжао Цзыян was a Chinese politician. He served as the 3rd premier of China from 1980 to 1987, as vice chairman of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 1981 to 1982, and as CCP general secretary from 1987 to 1989.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wlND0JIuvXo 

以後、８７年初頭の胡耀邦の「辞任」事件、とくに８９年の天安門事件で大きく動揺したことはあっても、この基本線はその後今日まで２０年以上続いているAlthough there have been major disruptions since then, such as Hu Yaobang's "resignation" incident in early 1987 and especially the Tiananmen Square incident in 1989, this basic line has continued for more than 20 years to the present day.

＊Русскийロシア語→Собы́тия на пло́щади Тяньаньмэ́нь 1989 года, также известные как «события 4 июня» (кит. 六四事件) в Китае и «бойня на площади Тяньаньмэнь» (англ. Tiananmen Square Massacre天安門事件천안문 사건) на Западе — серия акций протеста на площади Тяньаньмэнь в Пекине, продолжавшихся с 15 апреля по 4 июня 1989 года, главными участниками которых были студенты.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S3RzKKfNkTk 

　鄧小平は開幕の挨拶で、「近代化建設は中国の実態から出発しなければならないIn his opening remarks, Deng Xiaoping said, "Modernization must begin from China's actual situation.・・・他国の経験やモデルをそのまま引き写して成功したためしはない」として、「中国の特色のある社会主義」を提起したが"there has never been a case of success by simply copying the experience or models of other countries," he said, proposing "socialism with Chinese characteristics"、それはマルクス・レーニン主義の理論の呪縛から解放されたと宣言したに等しく、中国の実利主義的改革の将来を予測させるものだったit was tantamount to declaring freedom from the shackles of Marxism-Leninist theory and predicted the future of China's pragmatic reforms. 

　党主席になった胡耀邦は、「四つの近代化」の具体的目標は、２０年間に工業・農業総生産額を四倍にし、国民生活を「中程度」にすることだと宣言するとともに、国家の政治体制と指導体制を改革する方向を打ち出したHu Yaobang, who became party chairman, declared that the specific goals of the "four modernizations" were to quadruple total industrial and agricultural production over the next 20 years and to raise the standard of living of the people to a "moderate" level, and also set out a direction for reforming the country's political and leadership systems. なお、GDPを１９８０年の四倍にするこの「四倍増プラン」は予定より五年早く、１９９５年に達成されているThis "Quadruple Plan," which aimed to quadruple GDP compared to 1980, was achieved in 1995, five years ahead of schedule. 対外政策では、米国にもソ連にも与しない、独立自主の外交と大胆な対外開放政策によって経済建設を加速すると明らかにしたIn terms of foreign policy, he made it clear that he would accelerate economic development through independent diplomacy and a bold open-door policy that would not side with either the United States or the Soviet Union. なお、「独立自主」は一般的意味のそれとは違うFurthermore, "independence and autonomy" is different from the general meaning. いかなる大国、国家集団とも同盟関係や強い戦略関係を結ばないというものでIt means not forming alliances or strong strategic relationships with any major powers or groups of nations、５０～６０年代の「一辺倒」の対ソ同盟関係、８０年代はじめに一時追求したソ連に対抗する米国との戦略関係を否定し、今後は「中国は中国」で実利的にいく、という決意の表明だったit was a rejection of the "one-sided" alliance with the Soviet Union of the 1950s and 1960s and the strategic relationship with the United States that was pursued in the early 1980s to counter the Soviet Union, and an expression of determination to take a pragmatic approach with the understanding that "China is China."

　　　　　　　　　　　　　２　中国の近代化政策と日本の援助
　借款の受け入れ決定
　四つの近代化、つまり経済建設のためには、まず資金がいる。中国はいつの時点で、どのような狙いで外資導入を決意したのだろうかThe four modernizations, or economic construction, first require capital. When and what was China's aim in inviting foreign capital?
　１９７８年５月、国家建設委員会主任の谷牧副首相が、経済代表団を率いてヨーロッパの経済事情を視察してきたDeputy Prime Minister Gu Mu, who is also chairman of the National Construction Committee, led an economic delegation to inspect the economic conditions in Europe. その報告を聞いた鄧小平が、プラントなどの導入を進めよう、経済建設のため借款を外国に要請する決意が必要だ、できるだけ急ぐべきだ、という指示を出したというUpon hearing this report, Deng Xiaoping reportedly gave instructions that China should move forward with the introduction of plants and other facilities, that it was necessary to be determined to request loans from abroad for economic development, and that this should be done as quickly as possible. まず接触したのが日本であるThe first contact was with Japan.

＊Gu Mu (Chinese: 谷牧구무; pinyin: Gǔ Mù; Wade–Giles: Ku3 Mu4; September 1914 – November 6, 2009)Гу Му was a Chinese revolutionary figure and politician, who served as the Vice Premier of China between 1975 and 1982.