Le prince Itō Hirobumi (伊藤博文, Itō Hirobumi?, 16 octobre 1841 - 26 octobre 1909) est un samouraï du domaine de Chōshū (actuelle préfecture de Yamaguchi) qui devint homme politique durant l'ère Meiji. Il fut quatre fois Premier ministre du Japon (le 1er, le 5e, le 7e et le 10e), genrō et résident-général de Corée. Il est assassiné par le nationaliste coréen An Jung-geun. Son gendre est l'intellectuel, politicien et écrivain Suematsu Kenchō qui a épousé sa seconde fille, Ikuko.
伊藤 博文（いとう ひろぶみ/ひろふみ、天保12年9月2日（1841年10月16日） - 明治42年（1909年）10月26日）は、日本の武士（長州藩士）、政治家。位階勲等爵位は従一位大勲位公爵。諱は博文（ひろぶみ、「ハクブン」と有職読みすることもある）。幼名は利助（りすけ）、後に吉田松陰から俊英の俊を与えられ、俊輔（しゅんすけ）とし、さらに春輔（しゅんすけ）と改名した。号は「春畝（しゅんぽ）」、「滄浪閣主人（そうろうかくしゅじん）」など。「春畝公」と表記されることも多い。周防国出身。長州藩の私塾である松下村塾に学び、幕末期の尊王攘夷・倒幕運動に参加。維新後は薩長の藩閥政権内で力を伸ばし、岩倉使節団の副使、参議兼工部卿、初代兵庫県知事（官選）を務め、大日本帝国憲法の起草の中心となる。初代・第5代・第7代・第10代の内閣総理大臣および初代枢密院議長、初代貴族院議長、初代韓国統監を歴任した。内政では、立憲政友会を結成し初代総裁となったこと、外交では日清戦争の勝利に伴う日清講和条約の起草・調印により清國から朝鮮を独立させた（第一条）ことが特記できる。元老。
1909年、ハルビンで朝鮮民族主義活動家の安重根に暗殺された。
El príncipe Itō Hirobumi (伊藤 博文? 16 de octubre de 1841 – 26 de octubre de 1909, también llamado Hirofumi/Hakubun y Shunsuke en su juventud) fue un jefe de gobierno japonés, Residente General de Corea, cuatro veces Primer Ministro de Japón (mandatos 1º, 5º, 7º y 10º) y genrō.
幼名利助，字俊辅，号春亩、滄浪閣主人，本姓林氏。林氏是太祖出于日本第7代君主孝靈天皇之苗裔，越智宿禰姓河野氏之支流。1841年10月16日（天保12年9月2日）出生于日本國周防州熊毛郡束荷村字野尻（今日本山口县光市束荷字野尻），為山村的贫农林十藏的嫡子。母親是秋山長左衛門的長女，名琴子。他的父親林十藏被長州藩中間（武士與農民中間的身分）水井武兵衞收为养子而改名為水井十蔵。而水井武兵衞又被長州藩足輕（下级武士的身分）伊藤弥右衛門收为养子而改名為伊藤直右衛門。因此水井十藏再改名為伊藤十藏。并被选为继承人，嫡子林利助遂继姓伊藤，并继承於足輕的家。
Prince Itō Hirobumi (伊藤 博文?, October 16, 1841 – October 26, 1909, born Hayashi Risuke and also known as Hirofumi, Hakubun and briefly during his youth Itō Shunsuke) was a Japanese statesman and genrō. A London-educated samurai of the Chōshū Domain and an influential figure in the early Meiji Restoration government, he chaired the bureau which drafted the Meiji Constitution in the 1880s. Looking to the West for legal inspiration, Itō rejected the United States Constitution as too liberal and the Spanish Restoration as too despotic before ultimately drawing on the British and German models, especially the Prussian Constitution of 1850. Dissatisfied with the prominent role of Christianity in European legal traditions, he substituted references to the more traditionally Japanese concept of kokutai or "national polity", which became the constitutional justification for imperial authority.
이토 히로부미(일본어: 伊藤博文 いとう ひろぶみ, 덴포 12년 음력 9월 2일(1841년 10월 16일) ~ 메이지 42년(1909년) 10월 26일)는 에도 시대 후기의 무사(조슈 번사)이자 일본 제국의 정치가이다. 초대 일본 제국의 내각총리대신이자 조선통감부의 통감이었다.메이지 유신 이후에 정부의 요직을 거쳤으며, 일본 제국 헌법의 기초를 마련하고, 초대·제5대·제7대·제10대 일본 제국 내각 총리대신을 역임했다. 또한 초대·제3대·제8대·제10대 추밀원 의장, 조선통감부 초대 통감, 귀족원 의장, 관선 효고 현 지사 등을 지냈다. 입헌정우회를 결성해 원로로 활동했다. 대훈위 종일위(從一位)를 받고, 작위는 백작이며, 사후 공작으로 추증되었다. 영국 런던대학교 유니버시티 칼리지 런던(University College London, Univ. of London)에 유학하여 화학을 공부하였으며, 훗날 미국 예일 대학교에서 명예 법학박사 학위를 수여받았다.
伊藤 博文（いとう　ひろぶみ）
伊藤博文は天保12年（1841）周防国熊毛郡束荷村（現在の山口県大和町）に父・十蔵、母・琴子の長男生まれた。幼名は利助（後に利輔）次に春輔（又は俊介、俊輔）と称せられ、後に博文と改名した。嘉永2年（1849）9歳の時に萩に移り、安政4年17歳の時に松下村塾に入門。吉田松陰は、久坂玄瑞宛ての書状で「利助（博文）亦進む、中々周旋家になりそうな」と、また別の書状では「才劣り学幼きも、質直にして華なし、僕頗（すこぶ）るこれを愛す」と後の伊藤博文を評した。その後、松下村塾で出会った木戸孝允、高杉晋作、久坂玄瑞らと交わり、文久2年（1862）には久坂とともに公武合体論を主張する長井雅楽の暗殺を画策、品川御殿山のイギリス公使館を焼き討ち、するなど尊皇攘夷の志士として活躍した。
In 1885 he became Japan's first Prime Minister, an office his constitutional bureau had introduced. He went on to hold the position four times, and wielded considerable power even out of office as the occasional head of Emperor Meiji's Privy Council. A monarchist, Itō favoured a large, bureaucratic government and opposed the formation of political parties. His third government was ended by the consolidation of the opposition into the Kenseitō party in 1898, prompting him to found the Rikken Seiyūkai in response. He resigned his fourth and final ministry in 1901 after growing weary of party politics, but served as head of the Privy Council twice more before his death.
Itō's foreign policy was ambitious. He strengthened diplomatic ties with Western powers including Germany, the United States and especially the United Kingdom. In Asia he oversaw the First Sino-Japanese War and negotiated Chinese surrender on terms aggressively favourable to Japan, including the annexation of Taiwan and the release of Korea from the tribute system. Itō sought to avoid a Russo-Japanese War through the policy of Man-Kan kōkan – surrendering Manchuria to the Russian sphere of influence in exchange for the acceptance of Japanese hegemony in Korea. A diplomatic tour of the United States and Europe brought him to Saint Petersburg in November 1901, where he was unable to find compromise on this matter with Russian authorities. Soon the government of Katsura Tarō elected to abandon the pursuit of Man-Kan kōkan, and tensions with Russia continued to escalate towards war.

Alternative titles:  Kōshaku Itō Hirobumi; Toshisuke
Itō Hirobumi, in full (from 1907) Kōshaku (Duke [or Prince]) Itō Hirobumi, original name Toshisuke  (born October 14, 1841, Suō province [now in Yamaguchi prefecture], Japan—died  October 26, 1909, Harbin, Manchuria, China) Japanese elder statesman (genro) and premier (1885–88, 1892–96, 1898, 1900–01), who played a crucial role in building modern Japan. He helped draft the Meiji constitution (1889) and brought about the establishment of a bicameral national Diet (1890). He was created a marquess in 1884 and a duke (or prince) in 1907.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ito-Hirobumi
Early career
Itō’s father was an adopted son of a modest samurai (warrior) family in the Chōshū domain of western Japan, and Itō grew up amid convulsive political conditions surrounding the decline of the Tokugawa shogunate—which had governed Japan since 1603—and the rise of Western influence in the country. He played a minor role in the events leading to the Meiji Restoration (1868), the movement that overthrew the shogunate and reestablished the formal ruling authority of the emperor. This brought him into contact with men like Kido Takayoshi, who was to become one of the great leaders of early Meiji Japan and who was Itō’s most important mentor in those years.
Itō’s talents were apparent even before the restoration, and the leaders of Chōshū sent him to England (along with his friend Inoue Kaoru) to study Western naval science (1863). His connections with Kido and Ōkubo Toshimichi, the other giant of early Meiji Japan, enabled him to undertake government assignments to the United States and the Iwakura Mission to Europe (1870, 1871–73) to study and work on matters as diverse as taxation and budgetary systems and treaty revision.
Rise to power
His political career changed decisively when Ōkubo, the most powerful man in the government, was assassinated in 1878, and Itō succeeded him as minister of home affairs. His advancement brought him into conflict with the equally talented and ambitious statesman Ōkuma Shigenobu. In a series of masterful political strokes, Itō forced Ōkuma and his supporters out of the government in 1881 and persuaded the government to adopt a constitution; by 1889 the emperor had proclaimed it, and in 1890 the national Diet was established.
Preparations for constitutional government were made with utmost seriousness. Itō, by then the most important person in the Meiji government, and other officials spent nearly one and a half years (1882–83) in Europe, notably in Germany, studying under leading constitutional scholars. The Meiji constitution, Itō’s greatest handiwork, has been criticized for perpetuating authoritarian rule because the guarantees of civil rights and the Diet’s powers were hedged by restrictions. Actually, given the Meiji leaders’ samurai background and the tense domestic and foreign problems they faced, the unprecedented acknowledgment in writing of basic rights and the establishment of the Diet were progressive and enlightened acts. It should also be noted that neither Itō nor any of the Meiji leaders ever pointed to these tensions and difficulties as an excuse for reverting to tight authoritarian control.
Itō’s preeminence continued in the 1890s. In mid decade, as prime minister, he helped Japan attain two important successes. The first was an agreement with Great Britain (signed in 1894) for doing away with extraterritoriality by 1899 (i.e., from that date British nationals in Japan would be subject to Japanese law). That pact was followed by others with other major Western countries. The second achievement was Japan’s victory over China in 1895; both accomplishments were among the first clear signs that Japan, alone among non-Western countries, had achieved success in modernization and a weightier role in East Asian affairs.Domestically, Itō did not fare as well. He had felt, along with other genro, that party politicians were incapable of dealing dispassionately with Japan’s welfare and destiny; and, indeed, the powers guaranteed by the Meiji constitution enabled the political parties to impede government programs in the Diet. Itō unhappily, but with characteristic flexibility, continually worked out compromises with the parties until by 1900 no cabinet could be formed without their tacit consent. From the start the parties had been cooperating with the government in return for cabinet positions and laws favouring party growth. Itō made one last move to salvage the situation by leaving the government and forming the Rikken Seiyūkai (“Friends of Constitutional Government”), which he based on an older antigovernment party, the Kenseitō (“Constitutional Association”). The Seiyūkai became the first party to control an absolute majority in the House of Representatives during a Diet session, which led Itō to believe that he had finally created the right conditions for smooth passage of government programs. He did not count on the obstructive tactics of the House of Peers, however, whose conservative members were unhappy with Itō’s alliance with the parties. Ironically, Itō had originally created the House of Peers to balance what he considered the less-than-responsible House of Representatives. Finally, embittered with the knowledge that dealing with party members, each with his own constituency to answer to, was infinitely more difficult and distasteful than working with a handful of genro, all of the same background and inspiration, he resigned as president of the Rikken Seiyūkai in 1903. But Itō paid for having broken genro ranks; soon afterward Yamagata Aritomo, founder of the modern Japanese army, became the leading power among the powerful genro.
Itō’s legacy, however, cannot be denied, for he made cooperation between high-ranking bureaucrats and party politicians respectable, which provided an alternative to the unremitting and unproductive polarization of these two groups. Moreover, the continued commitment of the other genro to the Meiji constitution made party growth inevitable.






ポーランド語→Hirobumi Itō (jap. 伊藤 博文 Itō Hirobumi, ur. 16 października 1841 w Tsukari w prowincji Suō (dzisiejsze Hikari), zm. 26 października 1909 w Harbinie) – pierwszy premier Japonii.　Hirobumi Itō pochodził z rodziny chłopskiej. Jego ojciec, Jūzō Hayashi w 1846 opuścił rodzinną wieś Tsukari, aby szukać szczęścia w stolicy hanu Chōshū, Hagi, dokąd w 1849 sprowadził rodzinę. Hirobumi miał wówczas osiem lat i nosił imię Risuke. Później nosił jeszcze wiele innych imion, m.in. Shunsuke, a imieniem Hirobumi zaczął się posługiwać od września 1868.　W 1854 ubogi samuraj o nazwisku Naoemon Itō, nie mając naturalnego dziedzica usynowił Hayashiego, który dzięki temu mógł zostać adiutantem Takayoshiego Kido, studentem Shōina Yoshidy i przez kilka miesięcy (1863–1864) studiować także na University College London w Anglii. Wykazywał wyraźne tendencje ksenofobiczne – w 1863 uczestniczył w ataku na brytyjską placówkę w Japonii[1]. Na wieść o blokadzie cieśniny Shimonoseki Hirobumi wrócił do Japonii i w dowód uznania za prowadzoną wówczas działalność dyplomatyczną znalazł się w nowym rządzie centralnym po przywróceniu władzy cesarskiej 3 stycznia 1868 w okresie restauracji Meiji.　Hirobumi Itō był gubernatorem prefektury Hyōgo (1868–1869), posłem podczas misji Iwakury do USA i Europy (1872–1873), radcą stanu (1873–1885) i ministrem przemysłu (1873–1878). Był także przeciwnikiem inwazji na Koreę w 1873 i Formozę w 1875. Popierał teorię głoszącą, że Japończycy powinni przez mieszane małżeństwa zapewnić swojej rasie dopływ nowej, wyższej jakościowo, krwi z Zachodu[2]. Jako zaufany Toshimichiego Ōkubo został ministrem spraw wewnętrznych (1878–1882). Był twórcą japońskiego systemu gabinetowego i w 1885 został pierwszym premierem Japonii. Funkcję tę pełnił czterokrotnie:　
od 22 grudnia 1885 do 30 kwietnia 1888
od 8 sierpnia 1892 do 31 sierpnia 1896
od 12 stycznia 1898 do 30 czerwca 1898
od 19 października 1900 do 10 maja 1901
Pełnił również funkcję przewodniczącego Tajnej Rady Cesarskiej (1888–1890, 1891–1892, 1903–1905, 1909). Był głównym autorem konstytucji Meiji, przewodniczącym Izby Arystokracji (1890–1891), genrō, organizatorem i pierwszym przewodniczącym partii Rikken Seiyūkai (1900–1903).　Hirobumi Itō usiłował zapobiec wojnie japońsko-rosyjskiej, jednak po jej zakończeniu został pierwszym gubernatorem generalnym Korei (1905–1909). W 1907 otrzymał tytuł książęcy. Zginął w Harbinie zastrzelony przez koreańskiego działacza niepodległościowego, An Jung-geuna. Wraz z jego śmiercią przestała istnieć w najwyższych sferach rządowych Japonii jakakolwiek opozycja wobec planów aneksji Korei. Pół roku później gubernatorem generalnym Korei został protegowany Aritomo Yamagaty, minister sił lądowych Masatake Terauchi, który 22 sierpnia 1910 zmusił rząd koreański do podpisania traktatu o aneksji Korei przez Japonię.
안중근(安重根, 본명: 안중근 1879년 9월 2일 ~ 1910년 3월 26일)은 대한제국의 군인, 항일 의병장 겸 정치 사상가이다. 세례명은 토마스(Thomas, 도마, 다묵(多默))이다. 본관은 순흥(順興), 고려 시대 후기의 유학자 안향의 26대손이다.[1][2] 아버지가 못된 청나라 상인에게 폭행 당하자 뒤쫓아가 사살하여 한때 외교 문제로 번지기도 하였다. 동학 농민 운동에서 아버지 안태훈이 동학군을 정벌하는 데 함께 참여하였고, 대한제국 말기에는 학교 설립과 교육운동과 국채보상운동을 하였으며 한때 복권 사업과 비슷한 채표회사(彩票會社) 활동을 하기도 했다.
1909년 우덕순과 소수의 결사대를 조직하여 만주의 하얼빈 역, 지야이지스고 역 근처에서 초대 한국통감 이토 히로부미 등의 하차 시 암살을 준비하였다. 1909년 10월 26일 하얼빈 역에 잠입하여 역전에서 러시아군의 군례를 받는 이토를 암살하여 러시아 헌병에게 붙잡혔고 1910년 3월 26일 오전 10시에 살인의 죄형으로 관동주 뤼순형무소에서 교수형으로 생을 마감하였다.
ラテン語→Itō Hirobumi (Iaponice 伊藤博文 Hirobumi Itō natus in Hagi die 16 Octobris 1841; necatus est in Harbinia in Sina die 26 Octobris 1909) fuit politicorum peritus et quater Iaponiae primus minister accurate:
a die 22 Decembris 1885 usque ad diem 30 Aprilis 1888
a die 8 Augusti 1892 usque ad diem 31 Augusti 1896
a die 12 Ianuarii 1898 usque ad diem 30 Iunii 1898
a die 19 Octobris 1900 usque ad diem 10 Maii 1901
Et anno die 11 Februarii 1889 primum in Asia Constitutionem Imperialem Iaponiae decreavit.
ロシア語→Ан Чунгын (кор. 안중근, по Холодовичу — Ан Чжунгын, при рождении Ан Ынчхиль; 2 сентября 1879, Хванхэдо — 26 марта 1910, Рёдзюн) — деятель корейского национально-освободительного движения. В 1962 году Ан Чунгын награждён (посмертно) орденом «За заслуги в создании государства» Республики Корея.