私も後ほどじっくり読んでみます。イスラム国、まずアフガンとイラクについて。私が一番あまりなじみのない世界。西南アジア（インド・パキスタン・バングラディシュあとは中東、西欧、北欧）などなど。「アフガニスタン」は社会主義革命がありソ連軍の介入もありました。他はあまり知りません。みなさんとそうかわらないかも。ですので私もいっしょに学ばせていただきます。まず「ウィキ」から（日本語はろくなこと書いてない）。ISIL（アイシル、英: Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant〈イラク・レバントのイスラム国[18]〉）、IS （アイエス）[注釈 1][19]、ISIS （アイシス）[注釈 2]、ダーイシュ[20][21]はイラクとシリアにまたがる地域で活動するイスラーム過激派組織である。イスラム国（英: Islamic State）と自称している。アストゥリアス語⇒イスラム国＝L'Estáu Islámicu conocíu tamién como ISIS, EI (n'árabe, الدولة الإسلامية, ad-dawla al-islāmīya), Dáesh o Daish ye un grupu terrorista de naturaleza fundamentalista yihadista wahabita[1][2] formáu por radicales fieles a Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, qu'en xunu de 2014 autoproclamó'l califatu[3] dende la ciudá iraquí de Mosul.[4]
ドイツ語→イスラム国＝Islamischer Staat　Islamischer Staat steht für:　Islamischer Staat (Organisation), eine islamistische Terrororganisation　Islamischer Staat (Theorie), ein politisches Konzept　Siehe auch:
Islamischer Staat Afghanistan, historischer Staat in Asien　Islamische Republik　Islamische Welt　
Après la chute de Kaboul lors de la guerre civile afghane en 1992, l'État islamique d'Afghanistan est proclamé par l'Alliance du Nord (dirigée par Massoud), alors que la situation politique est loin d'être stabilisée. En effet, les nouvelles autorités devront faire face à une insurrection prenant de plus en plus d'ampleur par les Talibans et d'autres groupes extrémistes.　À partir de 1994, les Talibans conquièrent peu à peu les différentes provinces du pays. De 1994 à 1996, soutenus par l’armée pakistanaise, ils conquièrent l’essentiel du pays (sauf le réduit tadjik au nord-est) et instaurent une dictature fondamentaliste. Des membres du Hezb-é-islami (parti de Hekmatyar) entrent au gouvernement du président Rabbani tandis que Hekmatyar devient Premier ministre.　En 1996, le pays est renommé « Émirat islamique d'Afghanistan » par les Talibans, après avoir pris le contrôle de la majorité du pays. Le Front Uni Islamique et National pour le Salut de l'Afghanistan, connu en Occident sous le nom d'« Alliance du Nord », fut créée par l'État islamique d'Afghanistan cette même année, regroupant toutes les forces anti-talibans. Il était le représentant légitime de l'Afghanistan au sein des Nations unies.　À la suite de l'invasion du pays en 2001 par les États-Unis, l'État islamique d'Afghanistan, reprend le contrôle de la totalité du territoire afghan qui est alors administré par une Administration intérimaire, puis par une Administration transitoire.　L'adoption de l'actuelle constitution du pays rédigée en 2004, la République islamique d'Afghanistan présidée par Hamid Karzai.
The Islamic State of Iraq (ISI; Arabic: دولة العراق الإسلامية‎‎ Dawlat al-ʿIrāq al-ʾIslāmiyyah) (commonly referred to as al-Qaeda in Iraq[3]) was a militant Islamist group that aimed to establish an Islamic state in Sunni, Arab-majority areas of Iraq during the Iraq War. It was formed on 15 October 2006 from the merger of a number of Iraqi insurgent groups, including Al-Qaeda in Iraq and its Mujahideen Shura Council allies.[4]At their height in 2006–2008, ISI had military units or strongholds in Mosul and in the governorates of Baghdad, Al Anbar and Diyala, and they claimed Baqubah as their capital.In April 2013, ISI transformed itself into the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL, ISIS, IS), which is still active today.　2009 attacks (possibly) by ISI/AQI; revival[edit]Background[edit]See also: Iraq § 2003–2007　Jordanian militant Abu Musab al-Zarqawi started a group called Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (Organization of Monotheism and Jihad) in 1999, aiming to overthrow the 'apostate' Kingdom of Jordan. Although they are believed to have assassinated US diplomat Laurence Foley in 2002, they became notorious for their violent campaign in Iraq, which began in August 2003.　In October 2004, Zarqawi pledged alliance to Osama bin Laden and changed the name of his group to Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn (Organization of Jihad's Base in Mesopotamia), often referred to as Al Qaeda in Iraq (AQI)), which indulged in dozens of violent attacks per year in Iraq.　In January 2006, AQI united with five smaller Sunni Islamist groups into the Mujahideen Shura Council (MSC) and continued it's attacks in Iraq. In June 2006, Zarqawi was killed by the US, and AQI’s leadership passed onto the Egyptian Abu Ayyub al-Masri.General characteristics[edit]
Part of a series on the　Islamic State of Iraq  and the Levant historyAQMI Flag asymmetric.svg 　Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (1999–2004)Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad　al-Rafidayn (2004–06)　Mujahideen Shura Council (2006)Islamic State of Iraq (2006–13)Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (2013–14)　As "Islamic State" (June 2014–present)
Formation[edit]　On 13[5] and 15 October 2006, messages on the Internet in the name of the Mujahideen Shura Council declared the establishment of the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI), which should encompass the governorates of Baghdad, Anbar, Diyala, Kirkuk, Salaheddin, Niniveh and parts of Babel and Wasit – a swathe of central and western Iraq where most Sunni Arabs live.[4]　Goals[edit]
In 2003–2004, under its earlier name Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad, the group's targets had included Shi'ite mosques and civilians, Iraqi government institutions, and the US-led Multi-National Force in Iraq. In 2005, under its name Al Qaeda in Iraq, its goals were: expelling the US from Iraq; turning Iraq into a (Sunni) Islamic state or caliphate and extending this program to neighboring countries. These continued to be its goals when it became the Islamic State of Iraq.[6][7]　Leadership[edit]　When ISI was formed in October 2006, Abu Omar al-Baghdadi was presented as its leader or emir.[5][8] The US government initially believed Omar al-Baghdadi to be a fictitious persona, invented to put an Iraqi face on the leadership of ISI which the US saw as a front organization of the foreign-driven Al Qaeda in Iraq (AQI).[8] However, US military officials later came to believe that the Baghdadi 'role' had been taken by an actual ISI leader.[9]　Abu Ayyub al-Masri (an Egyptian also known as Abu Hamza al-Muhajir[10]), was the leader of Al Qaeda in Iraq from June 2006;[11] officially, he was the Islamic State of Iraq's military commander,[10] and from April 2007 its Minister of War.[12]　Al-Masri and Omar al-Baghdadi were both reported killed on 18 April 2010 in a raid by Iraqi and US forces.[11] On 16 May 2010, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi was announced as the new leader of the Islamic State of Iraq; his deputy was Abu Abdallah al-Husseini al-Qurashi.[10]
‘Cabinet’[edit]In April 2007, the ISI declared a ‘cabinet’ of ten ‘ministers’, under its leader Abu Omar al-Baghdadi.[12] The ‘ministers’ included:　Abdullah al-Janabi, Minister of Security, was already wanted by the Iraqi Criminal Court since 2005. In 2014 he was still a prominent militant in Fallujah.[13]
Abu Ayyub al-Masri, Minister of War, was already wanted by Iraqi and US-coalition authorities since 2005, and was killed by US/Iraqi forces in April 2010. He was succeeded by Abu Suleiman al-Naser.
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, who in May 2010 would become the new leader of ISI, was before April 2010 the general supervisor of ISI’s provincial sharia committees and a member of its senior consultative council.[14]
(For ISI management after April 2010, see also section 2010 revival ISI, new attacks.)
Funding and financing[edit]
In August 2006, ISI’s predecessor Al Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) had been considered by the United States as the dominant power in Iraq's Al Anbar Governorate,[18] and Al-Qaeda in Iraq's core membership was estimated that year as "more than 1,000".[19] In 2007, estimates of the group's strength ranged from just 850 to several thousand full-time fighters.[19][20] Between the withdrawal of US troops from Iraq in late 2011, and late 2012, estimates of its strength more than doubled, from 1,000 to 2,500 fighters.[21]　Topics 2006–2008[edit]
The Washington Post reported that AQI came to control large parts of Iraq between 2005 and 2008.[6] In Autumn 2006, AQI had taken over Baqubah, the capital of Diyala Governorate, and by March 2007 ISI had claimed Baqubah as its capital.[22] In 2006, AQI/ISI had strongholds in Al Anbar Governorate, from Fallujah to Qaim,[23] and were the dominant power there, according to the US.[18] In 2007, ISI had military units in Baghdad Governorate,[24] and in 2007–2008, ISI had strongholds in Mosul in Ninawa Governorate.[15]　Between July and October 2007, AQI/ISI lost military bases in Anbar province and the Baghdad area[25] and between April 2007 and April 2009, it lost considerable support, mobility and financial backing.[26]　2006–2007 attacks claimed by or attributed to AQI/ISI[edit]　The 23 November 2006 Sadr City bombings, killing 215 people, were blamed by the US on Al Qaeda in Iraq (AQI).[27]　In February and on 16 and 27 March 2007, lethal attacks on Sunni Iraqi targets took place that were not claimed, but that either Western observers or Iraqi rivals blamed on AQI/ISI (see section 2007 conflicts with Sunni and nationalist Iraqi groups).　The 23 March 2007 assassination attempt on Sunni Deputy Prime Minister of Iraq Salam al-Zaubai was claimed by ISI: “We tell the traitors of al-Maliki’s infidel government, wait for what will destroy you”.[28]　The 12 April 2007 Iraqi Parliament bombing was reportedly also claimed by ISI.[29]　In May 2007, Islamic State of Iraq claimed responsibility for an attack on a US military post that cost the live of seven Americans.　The 25 June 2007 suicide bombing of a meeting of Al Anbar tribal leaders and officials at Mansour Hotel, Baghdad, killing 13 people, including six Sunni sheikhs and other prominent figures,[30] was claimed by ISI who in a statement on the Internet said this attack was revenge for the rape of a girl by “members of the apostate police force at Anbar”.[31]　For the August 2007 Yazidi communities bombings, which killed some 800 people, US military and government sources named al-Qaeda as the “prime suspect”, but there was no claim of responsibility for those attacks.　On 13 September 2007, ISI killed Sunni sheikh Abdul Sattar Abu Risha, and on 25 September, another lethal attack on Sunni as well as Shiite leaders was blamed on ISI (for both, see section 2007 conflicts with Sunni and nationalist Iraqi groups).ISIS expelling Christians[edit]
In 2004, Sunni militants bombed churches and kidnapped Christians in the Baghdad district of Dora. The US military briefly ‘cleared’ Dora in autumn 2006, but militants tied to Al Qaeda in Iraq reestablished themselves in Dora in late 2006 and began harassing Christians.[32] By January 2007, ISI proclamations appeared on walls in Dora and leaflets were circulated: women should wear veils; shorts and cellphones were prohibited.[32] Christians were given the choice: either pay a tax, or become a Muslim, or leave the district. By May 2007, 500 Christian families had left Dora.[32] ISI also targeted Christians in the 2010 Baghdad church massacre.
For continued persecution of (Christian) Assyrians in 2014 by ISIL, see: Persecution of Assyrians by ISIL.
Threatening Iran[edit]　In July 2007, ISI’s leader Abu Omar al-Baghdadi threatened Iran with war: "We are giving the Persians, and especially the rulers of Iran, a two-month period to end all kinds of support for the Iraqi Shia government and to stop direct and indirect intervention ... otherwise a severe war is waiting for you." He also warned Arab states against doing business with Iran.[33]　2007 conflicts with Sunni and nationalist Iraqi groups[edit]　(See preceding events in: Conflicts between Al Qaeda in Iraq and other Sunni Iraqi groups, 2005–2006.)
By the beginning of 2007, Sunni tribes and nationalist insurgents were battling with AQI over control of Sunni communities,[34] and some Sunni groups agreed to fight the group in exchange for American arms, ammunition, cash, pick-up trucks, fuel and supplies (see also section 2007 US arming militias against AQI).[35][36]
In February 2007, a truck bomb exploded near a mosque near Fallujah where the imam had criticised AQI, killing 35 people, the BBC suggested this attack may have been a retaliation from AQI.[37]　On 16 March 2007, three attacks near Fallujah and Ramadi (50 km west of Fallujah) killed eight people: a BBC correspondent assumed two of those attacks to have been targeting tribal leaders who had spoken out against AQI.[37]
On 27 March 2007, the leader of Sunni Arab insurgent group 1920 Revolution Brigades was killed. An official of the group blamed AQI for the attack. The 1920 Revolution Brigades had been rumored to have taken part in secret talks with American and Iraqi officials who tried to draw Sunni groups away from AQI.[38]
Around 10 April 2007,[39] a spokesman of Islamic Army in Iraq (IAI), a significant Sunni Arab insurgent group fighting Iraqi and US forces,[40] accused AQI of killing 30[41] members of his group,[39] and also members of the Army of the Mujahideen and the Ansar Al-Sunna resistance group,[41] and called on AQI to review its behaviour: “Killing Sunnis has become a legitimate target for them, especially rich ones. Either they pay them what they want or they kill them”, their statement said; “They would kill any critic or whoever tries to show them their mistakes. Assaulting people’s homes became permitted and calling people infidels became popular”.[40] In a 42-minute audiotape released on 17 April, Abu Omar al-Baghdadi responded: “To my sons of the Islamic Army (…) We swear to you we don’t shed the protected blood of Muslims intentionally”, and, calling for unity: “One group is essential to accomplish victory”.[39]　The first week of June 2007, AQI fighters exchanged heavy fire with Sunni insurgents, including IAI members, in several Baghdad neighborhoods.[42] On 6 June 2007, the Islamic Army in Iraq “reached an agreement with al-Qaeda in Iraq, leading to an immediate cessation of all military operations between the two sides”, according to an IAI statement. An IAI commander explained to TIME: IAI and ISI still disagree on some things, but “the most important thing is that it’s our common duty to fight the Americans”.[42]
ISI on 14 September 2007 claimed responsibility for the killing of Sunni sheikh Abdul Sattar Abu Risha, leader of the Anbar Salvation Council, who had cooperated with the US to push the group out of Anbar Province, and vowed to assassinate other tribal leaders who cooperate with US and Iraqi government forces.[43]
On 23 September 2007, ISI in a statement accused Hamas of Iraq and the 1920 Revolution Brigades of killing its fighters. On 25 September, a bomb in a Shiite mosque in the city of Baqubah, during a meeting between tribal, police and guerilla leaders, killed leaders of Hamas of Iraq and the 1920 Revolution Brigades and others: local reports said the attack was the work of ISI.[44]　During 2007, US authorities and President George W. Bush strongly emphasized the role of “Al Qaeda (in Iraq)” in violence, insurgency and attacks on US troops, and the threat of them acquiring ‘real power’ in Iraq.[45][46] While some 30 groups claimed responsibility for attacks on US troops and Iraqi government targets in an examined period in May 2007, US military authorities mentioned the name ‘al-Qaida (in Iraq)’ 51 times against only five mentions of other groups.[45] Observers and scholars (like US Middle East specialist Steven Simon,[45] US terrorism analyst Lydia Khalil,[45] and Anthony H. Cordesman of the US Center for Strategic and International Studies[46]) suggested that the role played by AQI was being unduly stressed.　In March 2007, the US-sponsored Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty analyzed attacks in Iraq in that month and concluded that AQI had taken credit for 43 out of 439 attacks on Iraqi security forces and Shia militias, and 17 out of 357 attacks on US troops.[19] According to National Intelligence Estimate and Defense Intelligence Agency reports in July 2007, AQI accounted for 15% percent of the attacks in Iraq. The Congressional Research Service noted in its September 2007 report that attacks from al-Qaeda were less than 2% of the violence in Iraq. It criticized the Bush administration's statistics, noting that its false reporting of insurgency attacks as AQI attacks had increased since the surge operations began in 2007.[19][47] At a press conference on 29 December 2007, US General David Petraeus again said that “the vast majority” of attacks in Iraq are still carried out by AQI.[34]
Starting early in 2007 in Anbar Province, according to American commanders and officials, Sunni groups in several Iraqi provinces that had grown disillusioned with AQI tactics like suicide bombings against Iraqi civilians, agreed to fight Al Qaeda in exchange for American arms, ammunition, cash, pick-up trucks, fuel and supplies, and in some cases had agreed to alert American troops on locations of roadside bombs and booby traps.[35][36] This practice of negotiating arms deals with “Sunni insurgents” was approved of by the US high command in June 2007.[36]　By December 2007, the so-called “Awakening movement” (see also Conflicts between Al Qaeda in Iraq and other Sunni Iraqi groups, 2005–2006), a Sunni Arab force paid by the American military to fight AQI had grown to 65,000–80,000 fighters.[48] The Iraqi government and some Shiites expressed their worry that this would lead to tens of thousands of armed Sunnis in autonomous tribal ‘Awakening groups’, leading to Shiite militias growing in reaction, and potentially leading to civil war.[48]　US Marines in Ramadi, May 2006, conducting a snap vehicle checkpoint patrol to disrupt insurgent activity　In January 2007, US President George W. Bush ordered an extra 20,000 soldiers into Iraq (‘the surge’), mostly into Baghdad and Al Anbar Governorate, to help provide security and support reconciliation between communities, and explained the decision predominantly by pointing at the “outrageous acts of murder aimed at innocent Iraqis” by “Al Qaeda terrorists”.[49]　31 May 2007, in Baghdad’s Amariyah district, gunmen shot randomly in the air, claiming through loudspeakers that Amariyah was under control of the Islamic State of Iraq. Armed residents are said to have resisted, set the men’s cars on fire, and called the Americans for help; the Americans came in the afternoon, and “it got quiet for a while”, according to one resident.[24]　Between March and August 2007, US and Iraqi government forces fought the Battle of Baqubah in the Diyala Governorate against AQI, "to eliminate Al-Qaeda in Iraq terrorists operating in Baqubah and its surrounding areas",[50] resulting in 227 AQI fighters being killed and 100 arrested, and 31 US and 12 Iraqi soldiers being killed. By July 7,000 US troops and 2,500 Iraqi troops were fighting AQI/ISI in that battle, the US army claimed that 80 percent of AQI leaders had fled the area.[51]　The US troop surge went into full effect in June 2007, and supplied the military with more manpower for operations targeting Islamic State of Iraq. According to US Colonel Donald Bacon, 19 senior al Qaeda in Iraq operatives were killed or captured by US and Iraqi Security Forces in July; 25 in August; 29 in September; and 45 in October.[52]　By October 2007, US military were believed to have dealt devastating blows to AQI, but a senior intelligence official advised against a declaration of victory over the group, because AQI retained the ability for surprise and catastrophic attacks.[25]
In Operation Phantom Phoenix, over January–July 2008, the multi-national force in Iraq attempted to hunt down the last 200 Al-Qaeda extremists in the eastern Diyala Governorate, which resulted in 900 ‘insurgents’ being killed and 2,500 captured, and 59 US, 776 Iraqi, three Georgian and one UK soldiers killed. By May 2008, according to Newsweek, US and Iraqi military offensives had driven AQI from Al Anbar and Diyala Provinces, leaving AQI holed up in and around the northern city of Mosul.[15]　US soldiers and Sunni Arab tribesmen scan for enemy activity in a farm field in southern Arab Jibor, January 2008
The effect of the US troop surge between June 2007 and January 2009, together with American-funding of Sunni groups fighting AQI (see section 2007 US arming militias against AQI), was—according to The Washington Post—the killing or detention of ‘scores of AQI leaders’.[53]
3 January 2009, a suicide bomb attack in Yusufiyah, 25 miles from Baghdad, killed 23 people; The Christian Science Monitor speculated AQI was responsible. A local Sons of Iraq spokesman said: “There are still some tribes who are trying to hide AQI members”.[54]
After the Iraqi provincial elections in January 2009, AQI offered an olive branch to other Sunni extremist groups, and even extended “a hand of forgiveness” to those who had worked with the Americans. Some Sunni groups responded positively to this invitation.[53]
Beginning of April 2009, ‘Sunni insurgent groups’ warned that they would step up attacks against US troops and Iraq’s Shiite-led government.[26] Between 7 and 22 April, 10 bomb attacks killed 74 people.[55] Two more suicide attacks on 23 April 2009, causing 76 deaths, were without evidence attributed to ‘AQI-affiliated’ groups. Additional suicide bombings brought the number of Iraqis killed in bombings that month on 350.[56]
In the 20 June 2009 Taza bombing near a mosque, 73 Shias were killed; Western media, like Reuters, hinted at “…Sunni Islamist insurgents, including al Qaeda…”.[57]　On 19 August 2009, three car bombs exploded in Baghdad, targeting the Iraqi Finance and Foreign Ministries, a hotel and a commercial district, killing 101 and injuring 563 people. The attacks were claimed, two months later, by Islamic State of Iraq, calling the targets “dens of infidelity”.[58]
On 25 October 2009 twin bombings targeted Iraqi government buildings in Baghdad killing 155 people and injuring 721,[59] and were also claimed by Islamic State of Iraq.[58]
In November 2009, Islamic State of Iraq issued another plea on the Internet, calling for Sunnis to rally around a common end goal.[53] Iraqi (Shi'ite) Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki—installed December 2006—claimed in November 2009 that Al Qaeda in Iraq and former Ba'athists were together trying to undermine security and the January 2010 elections.[60]
18 April 2010, Abu Ayyub al-Masri, leader of AQI, and Abu Omar al-Baghdadi, leader of Islamic State of Iraq, were killed in a joint US-Iraqi raid near Tikrit.[11]　In June 2010, US General Ray Odierno said that 34 of 42 top leaders of AQI had been killed or captured, not specifying the period in which that had happened, and announced that AQI had “lost connection” with its leadership in Pakistan and would have difficulties in recruiting, finding new leaders, establishing havens, or challenging the Iraqi government.[66][67][68]　In November 2010, 12 suspects, including Huthaifa al-Batawi, al-Qaeda in Iraq’s "Emir of Baghdad", were arrested in connection with the October 2010 assault on Our Lady of Salvation church in Baghdad. Batawi was locked up in a counter-terrorism jail complex in Baghdad’s Karrada district. During an attempt to escape in May 2011, Batawi and 10 other senior militants were killed by an Iraqi SWAT team.[69][70]According to the United States Department of State, AQI operated in 2011 predominantly in Iraq but it also had carried out an attack in Jordan, and maintained a logistical network throughout the Middle East, North Africa, South Asia and Europe.[71]　In a speech on 22 July 2012, Al-Baghdadi announced a return of ISI to Iraqi strongholds they had been driven from by US forces and allied militias in 2007 and 2008 (see section 2007–2008, US and others fighting AQI/ISI), and a campaign to free imprisoned AQI members, and urged Iraqi tribal leaders to send their sons “to join the ranks of the mujahideen (fighters) in defense of your religion and honor … The majority of the Sunnis in Iraq support al-Qaida and are waiting for its return”.[72] In that speech, Baghdadi also predicted a wave of 40 attacks across Iraq the next day,[73] in which 100 were killed and 300 wounded.[citation needed]　Between July 2012 and July 2013, ISI carried out 24 waves of car bomb attacks and eight prison breaks in Iraq.[74] By 2013, the Sunni minority increasingly resented Iraq’s Shi'ite led-government, and Sunni insurgents regrouped, carrying out violent attacks and drawing new recruits.[75]
Expansion into Syria[edit]　In August 2011, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi and al-Qaeda’s central command authorized the Syrian ISI member Abu Mohammad al-Golani to set up a Syrian offshoot of al Qaeda, to bring down the Syrian Assad regime and establish an Islamic state there. Golani was part of a small group of ISI operatives who crossed into Syria, and reached out to cells of militant Islamists who had been released from Syrian military prisons in May–June 2011 and were already fighting an insurgency against Assad’s security forces. Golani’s group formally announced itself under the name "Jabhat al-Nusra l’Ahl as-Sham" (Support Front for the People of the Sham) on 23 January 2012.[76][77　On 22 July 2012, Al-Baghdadi released a 33-minute speech, mostly devoted to the Syrian uprising or civil war: “Our people there have fired the coup de grace at the terror that grasped the nation [Syria] for decades … and taught the world lessons of courage and jihad and proved that injustice could only be removed by force”, he said.[72]
By the second half of 2012, Jabhat al-Nusra stood out among the array of armed groups emerging in Syria as a disciplined and effective fighting force. In December 2012, the US designated Nusra a terrorist organization and an alias of al Qaeda in Iraq. By January 2013, Nusra was a formidable force with strong popular support in Syria.[76]On 8 April 2013, ISI-leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi publicly announced that he had created Jabhat al-Nusra and was now merging them with ISI into one group under this command, the "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant" (ISIL), also known as "Islamic State of Iraq and Syria" (ISIS).[76][78][79][80] Golani rejected this merger attempt. Nusra split up, some members, particularly foreign fighters, followed Baghdadi’s edict and joined ISIL, others stayed with Golani.[76]　On 8 February 2011, when Egyptian mass protests ran in their 15th consecutive day, ISI called on Egyptian protesters to wage jihad and strive for an Islamic government: “The market of jihad (has opened) … the doors of martyrdom have opened … (Egyptians must ignore the) ignorant deceiving ways of rotten pagan nationalism … Your jihad is for every Muslim touched by oppression of the tyrant of Egypt and his masters in Washington and Tel Aviv”.[81]2011 US designation[edit]　On 4 October 2011, the United States Department of State listed ISI leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi as a Specially Designated Global Terrorist, and announced a reward of US$10 million for information leading to his capture or death.[82]




















オランダ語⇒イスラム国＝International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations　De International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations (ISIL), ISO 15511, wijst een uniek nummer toe aan elke bibliotheek ter wereld. Onder gerelateerde organisaties worden ook musea verstaan.　Een ISIL is alfanumeriek met een maximum van 16 tekens. Geldige tekens zijn A-Z, 0-9, solidus, koppelteken-minus en dubbelepunt.　Een ISIL bestaat uit een prefix die de autoriteit identificeert die de ISIL toekende, een streepje en vervolgens een id die door die autoriteit uitgegeven is. Alle tweeletterige voorvoegsels zijn gereserveerd voor de ISO 3166-1 alfa-2-landcode, gevolgd door een id dat door de nationale bibliotheek autoriteit van dat land is toegewezen. Ook kunnen er wereldwijde id's worden toegekend die niet geassocieerd zijn met een bepaald land, bijvoorbeeld 'oclc-' voor de OCLC. Het achtervoegsel is over het algemeen een reeds bestaand systeem van identificatie van bibliotheken, zodat ISIL bestaande systemen over de hele wereld verenigt in plaats van dat er een volledig nieuw systeem van de grond af is opgebouwd.　
イスラム国（イスラムこく）　イスラム教国 - ムスリムが多くイスラム教が社会の中心となっている国のこと。イスラム教を国教としない国も含む。イスラム諸国。　イスラム国家 - イスラム教を国教としシャリーア（イスラム法）を法律とする国、ウンマ。イスラム帝国 - イスラム教を信奉する政権が運営していた歴史上の帝国。　アフガニスタン・イスラム国 - 1992年から2001年にかけて存在した北部同盟が統治するアフガニスタンの国名。　ISIL（別名：IS、ISIS、ダーイシュ〈仏:Daish〉） - イラクとシリアを中心にテロリズム活動などを行うイスラム過激派組織（自称を訳すと「イスラム国」）。歴史上、最も残虐な手法によるテロを展開しているとされる。他の国家からは、独立した国家として承認されていない。世界各国は、ISILによる相次ぐテロ実行を受けて、鎮圧に向けた作戦行動を展開している。
イド（人工）語⇒イスラム国＝Islamana Stato
La Islamana Stato di Irak e la Levanto (ISIL), anke konocata kom la Islamana Stato di Irak e Siria (ISIS), Islamana Stato, Daesh es jihadista neagnoskata stato e militanta grupo qua sequas fundamentalista, Wahhabista doktrino di Sunita Islamo. Lua adopto dil nomo Islamana Stato e lua ideo di kalifio esis vaste kritikita.　La grupo esis nomizita kom organizuro terorista per Unionita Nacioni e multa landi.　Ol esas duktata da Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi.ルーマニア語⇒イスラム国＝Statul Islamic (alternativ: Statul Islamic din Irak și Levant sau Statul Islamic din Irak și Siria, abreviat: IS, SI, ISIL și ISIS, în arabă: الدولة الاسلامية في العراق والشام‎ / ad-Dawlat al-Islāmiyya fī’l-‘Irāq wa’sh-Shām) este o grupare sunită insurgentă afiliată la al-Qaida[9][10], activă în Irak și Siria și un stat (proclamat califat) islamic nerecunoscut cu capitala la Raqqa (Siria).[5]Din 2010, SIIL este condus de Abu Bakr al-Bagdadi. Aceasta activează în zone din Siria, Irak, Turcia[11], Liban, Libia, Nigeria, iar mai nou, și în Arabia Saudită[12].
カタルーニャ語⇒アルカイダ＝Al-Qaida o al-Qaeda (en àrab القاعدة, al-Qāʿida, literalment “la Base”, també traduïble per “el Fonament” o “el Mètode”) és una organització fonamentalista islàmica (o més aviat una xarxa d'organitzacions d'aquesta mena) d'abast mundial. Els seus fundadors van ser el xeic Abdul·là Iússuf Azzam i el seu alumne,Ossama bin Laden, un milionari d'origen saudita. L'ONU, l'OTAN, la Unió Europea, els EUA i molts altres països la consideren com una organització terrorista.　Segons les conclusions dels informes elaborats per l'administració dels EUA arran dels atemptats de l'11 de setembre de 2001, els seus orígens remunten als anys 80 com una escissió de Màktab al-Khadamat (MAK), fundada el 1980 amb la finalitat d'expandir el moviment de resistència contra les forces soviètiques a l'Afganistan en un moviment panislàmic.　Els seus membres més prominents són seguidors del salafisme. Per bé que Bin Laden fou reconegut sovint com a líder del grup, l'egipci Ayman al-Zawahirí ha tingut una forta influència pel que fa a la teoria i la praxi. Les operacions d'al-Qaida no estan centralitzades, i diverses cèl·lules independents i col·laboratives poden existir en diversos països, unides per una mateixa causa. La grandària real i la influència d'al-Qaida no estan clares: per a alguns no passa de ser una xarxa global d'influència i militants, responsable d'accions terroristes massives.
ロシア語⇒アルカイダ＝«Аль-Ка́ида» (араб. القاعدة‎, al-qāʿidah, IPA: /ælˈqɑːʕɪdɐ/, «основа»[1], «база»[1], «фундамент», «принцип») — одна из самых крупных ультрарадикальных международных террористических организаций[1][2][3] ваххабитского направления ислама.