日系カナダ人独り言ブログ

当ブログはトロント在住、日系一世カナダ人サミー・山田(48)おっさんの「独り言」です。まさに「個人日記」。1968年11月16日東京都目黒区出身(A型)・在北米30年の日系カナダ人(Canadian Citizen)・University of Toronto Woodsworth College BA History & East Asian Studies Major トロント在住(職業記者・医療関連・副職画家)・Toronto Ontario「団体」「宗教」「党派」一切無関係・「政治的」意図皆無=「事実関係」特定の「考え」が’正しい’あるいは一方だけが’間違ってる’いう気は毛頭なし。「知って」それぞれ「考えて」いただれれば本望(^_-☆Everybody!! Let's 'Ponder' or 'Contemplate' On va vous re?-chercher!Internationale!!「世界人類みな兄弟」「平和祈願」「友好共存」「戦争反対」「☆Against Racism☆」「☆Gender Equality☆」&ノーモア「ヘイト」(怨恨、涙、怒りや敵意しか生まない)Thank you very much for everything!! Ma Cher Minasan, Merci Beaucoup et Bonne Chance 

Korean Guard Hiromura Kakurai(Lee Hak-rae/李鶴来 ⇔加害者=르번구이쯔(중국어: 日本鬼子⇔無責任体系)残酷⇒Convicted of war crimes during WWII, 80-year-old Korean tells his story


 Mar.14,2007⇒Convicted of war crimes during WWII, 80-year-old Korean tells his story(戦犯として有罪となった80歳になる朝鮮人軍属(警備兵)の第二次世界大戦中物語を報告する) 
Lee Hak-rae was hired as a prison guard in Southeast Asia by Japanese military(李鶴来は東南アジアの日本軍刑務所監視(警備)員として雇われた) Lee Hak-rae was born in 1925(李鶴来は1925年生まれ), in Boseong, South Jeolla Province(大韓民国全羅南道中南部の宝城郡出身). He has two younger siblings(彼は下の兄弟が2人いた). His father, a poor farmer, hoped to give him a modern education (父は貧しい農民で息子に現代の教育を受けさせたいと望んでいた)and (加えて)so he was sent to elementary school(そして彼は小学校に送られた), which he almost graduated(もう少しで卒業). He could not even dream of advancing to secondary school(高校に進学できるとは夢にも思ってなかった). His first job was at a shipyard in Yeosu(彼のはじめの仕事は麗水の造船工), and(さらに) his second was at a lumberyard(二つ目は木材置場の作業員). Yet young Hak-rae could not endure the heavy labor(しかし若い李鶴来は重労働に耐えられなかった). Thus he applied to a job under a rich Japanese family (従って(だから)彼は裕福な日本人家族に仕事を求めた(申請した)that owned many fishing ships(たくさんの漁船を所有), for work as a household servant(家の召使として働くため). Before long(やがて), he found an opportunity to work at the Boseong Post Office(彼は郵便局で働く機会をみつけた), first making stamps(はじめは切手製造), and(及び) later transferred to the registered mail division(登録郵便部局に移封された). Under the name given to him by the Japanese colonial government in Korea(日本植民地政府により与えられた名前の下), Hiromaru Kakurai(広村鶴来), he had a plan to order lecture transcripts from Waseda University(早稲田大学の講義書写(謄本)を申請する計画(案)があった) and(加えて) study on his own(ひとりで勉強(学習)する). One day(ある日), however(けれど(ながらも), he lost a registered envelope containing the gathered wages of one conscripted miner in Hokkaido(李さんは、徴用炭坑夫が北海道の炭鉱で稼いだ給料が入った公認封筒(現金書留)を失くしてしまった). He paid the money from his own pocket(彼は自腹で払った) and(さらに) then quit post office work(それから、郵便局勤めを辞めた), taking a brief rest at home(家でしばしの休(息)暇をとる). It was the spring of 1942(それは1942年の春だった). One day(ある日), the local mayor summoned him(地方の市長が彼を召喚). "They’re hiring prison guards at a POW camp in Southeast Asia,"(”南東アジアで刑務所の監視(警備)員を雇っている”) the mayor told him(市長は彼に伝えた), urging him to seek employment there(そこで就職を探すよう促した(勧めた). The contract was for two years(2年間の契約), with a monthly salary of 50 Won(毎月の給料50ウォン). At the time(その当時は), he thought to himself that if he got the job(もし仕事がみつかったら自問自答), he could dodge the forced conscription(強制(兵役)召集(令状)を逃れられる) that was bound to take him away otherwise(それ以外の場合は彼を遠くに連れ去る). Thus(だから), his employment decision(彼の就職決意) was made somewhere in the gray zone between (どこか灰色の地帯)individual volition (個人的な決断(選択)意志)and(及び) outside pressure(外部からの圧力). A few days later(数日後), he took the exam for the job and passed(彼は仕事のための試験を受け合格した).In an interview with Hankyoreh 21 newsmagazine on February 27(2月27日の雑誌におけるインタビュー(取材)において), Lee reflected upon that moment(李氏は瞬間(その時)を反映)していた) as one of the high points of his life(彼の人生で有数の高い地点). At the age of 15(15歳のとき), he departed for Southeast Asia(彼は東南アジアへ出発した). Such began the journey of Lee Hak-rae(こうして李鶴来氏の旅ははじまった), a journey that would lead to his receiving a death sentence in an Australian military tribunal for abuse of Allied prisoners(旅は彼をして豪州軍事法廷で、連合軍捕虜虐待により死刑判決を受けるに導いた). His death sentence having been commuted(彼の死刑判決は減刑された), Lee is now over 80 years old(李氏は現在80歳) and(そして) back in South Korea(韓国に戻った(帰った). He reflects on his death sentence as being "unjust."(彼は死刑判決を”不当”と回想する) Though(しかし(ながらも) there have been assertions made(主張された) in favor of granting some mercy to those Korean class B and C war criminals who were conscripted under the Japanese(日本人に召集(徴兵)されたそれらの朝鮮人B・C級戦犯に一定(少しの)慈悲、寛容(恩赦)を与える), there has yet to be any in-depth discussion (深い(掘り下げた)審議(考察)議論はいまだにない)of the trials through(裁判を通じて) which they were sentenced(彼らは刑期を宣告された). With the help of the Republic of Korea’s Truth Commission(大韓民国真(相)実委員会の助けにより) on Forced Mobilization Under Japanese Imperialism(日本帝国主義下での強制動員), Hankyoreh 21 (ハンギョレ21)procured (は獲得(調達)仲介)and(加えて) analyzed the trial transcripts of Korean class B and C war criminals(朝鮮人B・C級戦犯の裁判記録を分析). The Truth Commission(真実委員会) is charged with searching out the trial documents for those Korean "war criminals" punished in England(イギリスの裁判で”戦犯”として罰せられた朝鮮人の裁判記録), the Netherlands(オランダ), the U.S(アメリカ)., and(加えて) China(中国) in order to shed light on the subject(被告に照明(焦点)を当てるため). Lee was tried twice by military tribunal(李氏は2度に及び軍事裁判にかけられた). The original charges against him for prisoner abuse were dropped when the 1st Australian War Crimes Section found his role not important enough to warrant punishment(最初の李氏に対する捕虜虐待の告発は、豪州戦争犯罪部局が彼の役割は処罰するに十分重要じゃないとして取り下げられた). Thus(だから) he boarded a homebound ship(彼は引揚(帰還)船に乗った), but(しかし) was arrested once more in Hong Kong, when the vessel docked for fuel(香港で燃料補給のため停泊中に再び逮捕された). At his second trial(二度目の裁判において), he was given a death sentence(死刑を宣告される), which was thereafter reduced to a 20-year term(後に懲役20年に減刑された). The official court document from his second trial(公式な二度目の裁判記録(書類), procured by Hankyoreh 21(ハンギョレ21が調達(獲得), is entitled(は以下と題する⇒) "War Crimes Proceeding of Military Tribunal(戦争犯罪の軍事裁判進行(過程): Korean Guard Hiromura Kakurai(朝鮮人監視員広村鶴来)." The tribunal records are comprised of a summary of the martial trial proceedings(裁判記録は軍法会議による訴訟手続の概略から成る), a recommendation for a reduced sentence made by the Australian Army’s legal affairs department(豪州軍法律上事件部局による減刑奨励(推薦), a transcript of the proceedings(訴訟手続の書写(謄本), and (加えて)the testimonies of POWs(捕虜たちによる証言). The trial was held in Singapore, from 18 to 20 March 1947(裁判は1947年3月18~20日にシンガポールで開廷). Lee was accused of crimes against humanity(李さんは人道に対する罪で告発されていた) that occurred while he was overseeing the construction by forced laborers of a railroad(李さんが監視員を務めていた=泰緬鉄道建設捕虜虐待事件) at Hintok connecting Siam (Thailand=タイ) and(及び) Burma (ビルマMyanmar=ミャンマー). "I cannot deny that the prisoner camp conditions were deplorable," said Lee(李さんは’捕虜収容所(キャンプ)の状態は惨め(嘆かわしい)不幸だったことは否定できない”と語る). Food(食料), medicine(薬品), and(さらに) clothes(衣服) were not properly provided(十分用意(準備)されていなかった), and(そして) many forced laborers lost their lives (たくさんの強制労働者が命を失った)due to wounds and diseases that went untreated(手当てされないままの負傷と病気により). In the month of March 1943 alone(1943年3月だけで), a full quarter of the 800 Australian prisoners were hospitalized(豪州軍捕虜800人の4分の1が入院した). One hundred died(100人が死亡). For good reason(正当な理由のため), the Australian military prosecutors could not forgive the Japanese for putting their men through hell on Earth(この世の地獄に落とした日本人を豪州軍検察団は許すことが出来ない). They were eager to pursue those responsible for the deaths of their comrades(彼らの戦友たちを死に追いこんだ責任者を起訴することを熱望), but(でも(ながら) in their fury (彼等の憤激(激しい怒り)猛威)were not about to lend an ear to the plight of a youth (青年の苦境に耳を貸さなかった)caught up in the gears of the imperial war machine(帝国による戦争の歯車に巻き込まれた). Lee served as a supervisor of the prisoners at Hintok(李さんはヒントク捕虜収容所の監視員に雇われる). As a civilian hired by the Japanese military(日本軍に雇用された市民(軍属)
, he was lower down on the chain of command than a private(指揮系統を民間へ下げに下げた?). However in the trial proceedings(けれども裁判(審理)の過程), he had somehow been transformed into the "Camp Commandant."(彼はどういうわけか”収容司令官(所長?)”に変換された) The reason for this was that the military prosecutors took the testimony of the prisoners at their word(この理由は、軍法検察官が捕虜の言葉による証言をとった(得た), without an objective investigation into the situation(状況の詳細調査はないまま). Most of the Australian prisoners did not know Lee’s Japanese name(ほとんどの豪州兵捕虜は李さんの日本式通名を知らない). Instead(代りに), they gave the various guards nicknames(監視員たちに様々な仇名をつけた), which in the case of Lee was "lizard."(李さんの場合は”蜥蜴(トカゲ)”だった) The origin of this name is unknown(この名前の発祥は定かではない).It is surmised that the testimonies of imprisoned officers Richard Allen and Reginald Houston played a key role(捕虜として収容された将校2人⇒リチャード・アレン氏及びレジナルルド・ヒューストン氏の憶測(推定)が鍵となった), as they stated that Lee was the officer in charge of the prison labor camp(彼等は李さんが強制労働収容所の責任者だったと表明(言及). Perhaps(おそらく(多分) with some unease(幾つかの不安により), the prosecutor admitted there was uncertainty regarding Lee’s official position(検察官は李さんの公式な地位(身分)について不確かだったのを認めた), but(ながらも) that in actuality(実際の事件) he had assumed (推測した)the position of officer in charge(担当役人の位置). According to testimonies of prisoners at the time(当時の捕虜たちの証言によれば), Lee was often at odds with the Australian army surgeon and Lieutenant Colonel E. E. Dunlop (李さんはしばしば(たびたび)豪州軍外科医とダンロップ中佐に有利な条件)as he tried to meet the demands of the Japanese engineer corps to deploy laborers(日本軍の工兵部隊が要求に沿うよう努力した). Dunlop insisted that wounded soldiers not be used(ダンロップ氏は負傷兵たちを使用しないよう主張(固執). The prisoners soon developed an animosity toward those Koreans directly overseeing them(まもなく捕虜たちは彼等を直接的に監視(管理)した、これら朝鮮人たちへの憎しみ(敵意)を起した). Soldier Austin Pipe recounted that "lizard" was responsible for sending prisoners to work on the railroad(兵卒オースティン・パイプは”蜥蜴”が捕虜たちを鉄道工事(作業)での強制労働に送った責任者だと数えなおした), and(加えて) others recalled that Lee had assaulted Dunlop(他は李さんがダンロップ氏に暴行した回想). But(しかし) other prisoners testified that Lee was among the gentler of the guards(他の捕虜たちは李さんは温厚な監視員のひとりだったと証言した) and(及び) had not assaulted Dunlop(ダンロップ氏に暴行を加えていない). For example(例えば), Captain Richard Allen testified that he could not recall Dunlop ever having been attacked by Lee(リチャード・アレン大尉はダンロップ氏が李さんに暴行されたのは思い出せない), and (そして)that Lee was less brutal than the other guards(李さんは他の監視員たちほど残忍(無慈悲)ではなかった). However(けれども), the vast majority of the testimony was unfavorable toward Lee(大多数の証言は李さんに不利だった). In order to sort out the war criminals(戦犯を区分(分別)するため), Australian investigators took pictures of the prison guards (豪州軍検察官たちは収容所監視員たちの写真を撮影)and (さらに)showed them to the POWs(それらを捕虜たちに見せた). Those suspected of war crimes(これらの戦犯容疑者) were then arrested(は、それから逮捕された) and(加えて) put on trial(法廷で裁かれた). There were no cross-examinations(念入りな調査はなし). Lee admitted to slapping those who disobeyed the rules(李さんは規則に従わない捕虜たちを殴ったことを認めた), but denied taking any other harsh measures(ただ、その他の過酷な方法はとらなかったと否定). It was difficult to gauge just exactly how much authority was granted to the Korean youth(正確にどれほどの権限が朝鮮人若者たちに与えられていたかを見きわめるのは困難). Lee was 20 years old when he was put on trial(法廷に送られたとき李さんは20歳だった), and (さらに)fearful of what lay before him(何が彼の前に横たわっているか恐れた(心配した). He feigned ignorance before the judge(判事の前で李さんは無学を装った), and (そして)damaged his trustworthiness (彼の信用を傷つけた)by insisting that daily labor was limited to five-and-a-half hours(一日の労働は5時間から5時間半と主張). Though his lawyer insisted the charges be dismissed on account of his not being Japanese(弁護士は彼が日本人ではないことで訴えの却下を要求), the judge rejected this argument(判事はこの主張を拒否した) - also backed up by the testimony of a Japanese colonel named Ishi (同じく石井と称する日本人大佐による証言を後ろ盾に使用)- that as a Korean civilian(朝鮮人市民として), Lee’s actions were merely the product of his Japanese superiors’ wishes(彼の行動は単に、日本人上司の命令に従っただけ). "I went to Southeast Asia in a situation of duress (”私は南東アジアへ強制(拘束)的な状況で送られた)and (さらに)was given 35 Yen a month(月給は35円だった)," said Lee(李さんは語る) as he concluded his testimony, fighting back tears(涙を拭いながら証言を終えた). When the trial resumed a short while later(まもなく裁判が再開されたとき), his sentence was pronounced(判決が読み上げられた⇒). "Hiromura Kakurai, please rise(”広村鶴来、起立). The Court sentences you to death by hanging(絞首刑を申しわたす”)." The circumstances were similar for other Koreans convicted of being war criminals(状況(環境)は他の戦犯として裁かれた朝鮮人たちに似ていた). The trial of Jo Mun-sang, run by Australian officials at a courtroom in Sumatra(スマトラで開廷されたJo Mun-sang氏に対する豪州軍当局による裁判), was conducted in a comparable fashion(同種の形式で実施された(行われた), and(加えて) led to Jo’s hanging(Jo氏の絞首刑に導いた).Jo was born in 1921 (Jo氏は1921年生まれ)to an elite family in Kaeseong (開城市(現北朝鮮の都市)上流家庭出身)and(及び) attended Gyeongseong Imperial University in Seoul(ソウルの京城(特別市=首都)帝国大学で受講). He served as a translator between the Japanese soldiers(日本兵との通訳を務めた) and(そして) the English-speaking POWs(英語を話す捕虜たち). As Jo was a devout Christian(Jo氏は敬虔なキリスト教徒として), the prosecutor posited that it would have been right to display compassion toward the weak(検察団は弱いものに同情(寛容)した) in accordance with Christian doctrine(キリスト教義と一致(調和). To this(これには), Jo replied(Jo氏は答えた) that the military left no room (軍は余りを持たない(余裕がない)⇒)for individual conscience(個人の良心) or (もしくは)religious faith(宗教的信心(信仰)に関して). The written testimony submitted to the court(法廷に提出された筆記証言) on his behalf (彼についての)stated an acknowledgment(承認していると表明(申立)⇒) of his having committed heinous acts(彼の恥ずべき(憎べき)行為(活動)について). This testimony(この証言は), however(しかし), was written by an English officer(英人将校によって書かれたもの), and(加えて) strayed from Jo’s actual words(JO氏の実際の言葉から脱線(外れている). He signed the document(彼は書類に署名した), however(ながらも), believing it an accurate translation of his statements(彼の陳述(声明書)は正確に翻訳されていると信じていた). The nickname of Park Jeong-gun(仇名朴氏), a native of Yeongil in North Gyeongsang Province(경상북도慶尚北道(現大韓民国)出身), was "Arry."(は”??’だった) The reason is that his Japanese name was Arai Hideo(理由は(なぜなら)彼の日本式通名は新井ひでおだったから). He had been a member of the boxing club at Nihon University in Osaka(在大阪?日本大学(日大)ボクシングクラブ(拳闘倶楽部)のメンバーだった). POWs testified(戦争捕虜たちは証言した⇒) that "Arry" would punch those working under him on the Siam-Burma Railway(”??”はタイ・ビルマ鉄道工事で働く彼の監視(管理)下にある捕虜労働者たちを殴った). When the Australian prosecutor asked if he truly had committed such acts(豪州人検察官は彼に本当にそのような行為を実施したのか訊ねた), Park responded that he did not beat the weak prisoners(朴氏は弱ってる(脆い)捕虜たちは殴らなかったと返答). Park testified that there were many prison guards named Arai(朴氏は多数(たくさん)の新井名を持つ収容所監視員たちがいたと証言), but(しかし) his protestations were to no avail(彼の抗議(主張)は却下された). He received a sentence of 20 years(懲役20年が言い渡された). At this point(この時点では), there is no way of verifying(証明しようがない) whether it was he or a different Arai who beat the prisoners(彼もしくは別の新井が捕虜を殴ったか). Born in Kaeseong, Gyeonggi Province(京畿道(大韓民国)開城出身), Kim Jong Yeon’s Japanese name under Korea’s occupation was Kanemiya Shoren(金氏の植民地占領下における日本式通名は金宮しょうれん?だった). His trial lasted from 4 August until September of 1948(彼の裁判は1948年8月4日から9月まで続いた). His nickname was "Snake eye,"(彼の仇名は”ゾロ(蛇)目”) and(さらに) indeed(まさしく), his picture found among the trial documents reveals a pair of serpentine eyes(彼の蛇行目一組の写真が裁判記録(書類)の間で発見された(明らかにされた?)=不細工失礼). NCO E. T. Nell testified that Kim was more brutal than the other guards(ネル氏は金は他のどの監視員たちより残忍(無慈悲)だったと証言), testimony that earned him a 12-year prison term(証言により懲役12年が宣告された). Though he had never learned English(英語は勉強したことがなかったが), Lee Hak-rae knew enough to figure out what "death by hanging" meant(李氏は”絞首刑”の意味はわかった). The instant he received his sentence(その場で(瞬間(即座)に)刑を受けた), his vision went black(彼の視界は真暗になった) and(加えて) he felt all energy slip away from his body(全身から活力が抜けて行くのを感じた). After receiving his sentence(刑を宣告された後), Lee Hak-rae was moved to a cell in P-Hall at a prison in Singapore(李氏はチャンギ(シンガポール)刑務所のP-ホール(死刑執行待ちの戦犯たち用。悲話としては誰かが処刑される前日のお別れ会。皮肉にも、日本兵と朝鮮人監視員あるいは台湾人軍属たちが’いっしょ’に歌える歌は「君が代」と「海ゆかば」だけだった(涙)に移った). For the next eight months(次の8ヶ月間), he watched as soldiers (彼は兵士として)and(さらに) servicemen of the old Japanese empire(旧大日本帝国軍属として観察(見物)した) were taken off one by one off to the gallows. (絞首台にひとりまたひとり連れて行かれた)For most others(ほとんどの他について), the waiting time before execution was 3 months(執行前の待ち時間は3ヶ月だった.) "In the end(終り(最後)には), only Lim Yeong-jun and I were left(Lim氏と私だけが残った). Before long(やがて), it was only myself(私だけになった). [Lim was executed 18 June 1947(Lim氏は1947年6月18日に死刑執行された).] But look at me, I’m still alive to this day.(しかし私をみてくれ。今日、まだ生きている”)" An argument between Lee’s lawyer and the Australian prosecutors was the reason for the delay in his execution(李氏の処刑延期は李氏の弁護士と豪州側検察の論争(反対)が理由(原因)だった). As the war tribunal generally did not allow for appeals(軍事裁判は通常、上訴を認めない(許さない), Lee’s lawyer had to file a petition(李氏の弁護士は嘆願(陳情)書を盛り込んだ) and(加えて) have it confirmed by the court(法廷に認められた). His lawyer referenced the fact that the same charges against Lee had previously been dismissed(彼の弁護士は李氏に対する同じ罪状(起訴)内容が前回は棄却(却下)されていたことを主張(参照), and(及び) the Australian judge could not help but recognize this(豪州判事(裁判長)は承認する以外ない). The judge thus decided to commute Lee’s sentence to a prison sentence(判事はそれが故(だから)李氏を懲役(有期)刑に減刑することを決めた) commensurate(相応の異(ふさわしい) to that of others convicted on similar charges(他が類似する告訴で裁かれた). The judge gave his final verdict on October 20, 1947,(1947年10月20日、裁判長 は最終的な判決を下した)and(そして) Lee was notified two weeks afterwards, on November 7, that he would live(二週間後の11月7日、李は通告を受ける=死刑は逃れた). There were few who welcomed him upon his release(彼の釈放はごく僅かに迎えられた). His homeland viewed him with suspicion as a pro-Japanese collaborator(祖国の見方(視点)は彼を親日協力者として疑った), and(加えて) the Japanese ostracized him for his Korean ethnicity(日本人は彼の朝鮮民族性がゆえ排斥(のけもの)追放した). Thus(従って), his struggle continues to this day(彼の苦闘は今日も続いている). "If only for the sake of my fallen comrades)”もし落ちた同志のためだけだったら”," he said(氏は言及), "I hope that our honor will be one day restored(いつの日にか名誉回復することを望む)." Beneath the sunlit sky(日に照らされた下で), his moderate Jeolla Province accent( 氏の現全羅道訛) was as distinct as ever(は絶えず明瞭(独特)だった). By Gil Hyeong-yun Translated by Daniel Rakove PS:2018年4月21日(土)今日は具合が悪く、午後5時ごろまで寝ていました。熱が下がったり上がったりで、喉が痛く咳き込む。頭がボーっとしていて不細工申し訳ない。ここ2~3日は悪夢の招かざる客たちに「ピストン北野」大御所氏まで加わり。例の松本人志や武田邦彦どうこうがおでましになり現状如何ともし難く(苦笑)。

August 1, 2007⇒Lee Hak Rae(李鶴来), the Korean Connection (朝鮮の関係(つながり)and(加えて) "Japanese" War Crimes on the Burma-Thai Railway(ビルマータイ(泰緬鐵路)鉄道での”日本人”による戦争犯罪)  Aiko Utsumi(内海愛子), Ikemi Nakamura and Gil Heong-yun Lee Hak Rae, the Korean Connection and “Japanese” War Crimes on the Burma-Thai Railway(朝鮮人の関連と”日本人”によるビルマータイ鉄道工事(強制労働)での戦争犯罪) Introduction by Utsumi Aiko(内海愛子が紹介) Translated by Herbert Bix Lee Hak Rae was a Korean youth(李이학래(李學來)は朝鮮人の若者),who went to work at age fifteen supervising prisoners of the Japanese mobilized to build the Burma-Thailand Railway(15歳のとき、日本軍による捕虜たちを使ったビルマータイ鉄道建設の監視員としておもむき、働いた). Hintok(ヒントク), where he served(彼が従事したところ), was the most dangerous place along the railway(鉄道路線で最も危険な場所だった) Prisoners called it “Hellfire Pass.” Of approximately 700 Australians, 100 died there(捕虜たちは”地獄火(苦しみ罰)の道(通り)”と呼び約700人の豪州人たちから、100人が死んだ), mainly from overwork and diseases such as dysentery and cholera(主に過剰労働と病気(疫病)たとえば赤痢とコレラ). Lee was indicted by an Australian court in Singapore on September 25, 1946(李氏は1946年9月25日、シンガポールの豪州軍法廷において起訴された), but(しかし) on October 24 (10月24日)his case was dismissed(彼の事例は棄却された). In Hong Kong(香港において), en route to Japan(日本への道上), he was again forced to return to Singapore(彼は再びシンガポールに強制的に戻らされる). On March 10, 1947(1947年3月10日) he was indicted for a second time(彼は再び起訴された).The first of three charges lodged against Lee(最初の李氏に対して提示された三つ訴えは), whose Japanese name was Kakurai Hiromaru(日本式通名広村鶴来), was that he was neglectful of his duties in providing such things as food, medicine, and clothing at the Hintok camp(ヒントク収容所において食料、医療(薬品)及び衣服を改善する義務を怠ったとされた); second(第二は), that he forced sick prisoners to go out on work details(病人の捕虜を労働日程に狩り出した); and(加えて) third that he physically assaulted prisoners(三つ目は捕虜たちに暴力をふるった). On March 20 Lee was condemned to death by hanging(3月20日、李氏は絞首刑の宣告を受けた), but eight months later, on November 11(しかし8ヵ月後の11月11日), his sentence was reduced to twenty years imprisonment(彼は懲役20年に減刑された). Regarding the first charge(はじめの起訴に関して), Lee’s lawyer argued as follows(李氏の弁護士はこう答弁(議論)した⇒): how could the lowest ranking civilian employee in the service of the Japanese army(彼は日本軍最低(下位)身分の)--a gunzoku(軍属)--be held accountable for the situation in a prisoner-of-war camp?(戦争捕虜収容所の状況にもっともな(責任のある?) Abe Hiroshi(阿部ひろし), a platoon leader in the Railway Corps(鉄道工兵小隊の指導者), said that even when officers of the Railway Corps requested medicines(が言及するには仮に鉄道部隊の将校が医薬品を要求したところで), they were not taken seriously (彼等は真面目に受けとらない)but told(でもこう語った⇒) “There is no reason to give anything to prisoners(”捕虜に何かをあげる(授与する)理由はない”).” Clearly(明らかに), a gunzoku serving in the army had neither the authority nor the power to improve conditions(軍属には権威もなければ改善する力もなかった). Second(第二に), the prison camp took its orders from the Railway Corps(捕虜収容所は鉄道部隊から命令を受けていた). However(ながら), because precedence was given to the construction orders of the Imperial Headquarters(建設の前例は帝国司令部の命令), the prison camp sent sick prisoners out to work(捕虜収容所は病兵を仕事(労働)に動員した(送った). The problem was this(問題はこれだ): did responsibility lie with the Railway Corps(鉄道部隊に責任があるか) that requested prison laborers(捕虜労働者たちの要求) or(あるいは) with the authorities in the prison camp (収容所の権(威)限)who forced them to go?(彼らを無理やり行かせた?) The Railway Corps made the request(鉄道部隊は要求した) but(でも) the camp directly designated sick prisoners to work(収容所は直接病兵たちを指名して仕事に赴かせた). Did the authority and responsibility (権威と責任は)for their dispatch rest with Lee Hak Rae? (李氏といっしょに彼らを派遣?)He argued that he had only sent prisoners out to work in accordance with orders(彼は命令により囚人たちを労働に送っただけと主張(抗弁). The third charge(第三の告訴), beating(殴打), Lee himself admitted(李自身が認めた). He said that he once struck an Australian prisoner who had violated regulations(彼は1度規則を破った豪州兵捕虜を殴ったと言及). The Japanese army did not court martial violators of discipline(日本軍は規則違反を軍法会議にかけなかった) but(しかし) dealt with them by face slapping(顔を殴打することで相殺=これが欧米人には理解できなかった。今も同じ). Beating without any cause was also an everyday occurrence within the Japanese army(日本軍においては理由(原因)なく殴られるのは日常発生). This way of thinking differentiated the Japanese and Allied armies(こうした日本人の発想(考え)は連合軍とは違っていた(異なっていた). Lee Hak Rae, whose training included being beaten(李氏は殴打も含む訓練を受けた), had a very shallow awareness of war crimes(戦争犯罪については非常に浅薄(表面的)自覚(認識). Lee’s sentence was reduced from hanging to twenty years(李氏は絞首刑から懲役20年に減刑された). Lt. Colonel Edward “Weary” Dunlop(エドワード’疲れた(退屈な)ダンロップ大佐), the Australian military doctor(豪州軍医) who had bitterly confronted Lee at Hintok(ヒントクで李氏に対して痛烈(辛辣)に対した人) said that hanging was too severe(絞首刑は厳し過ぎると言明), but(でも) that he should be punished for having driven sick prisoners out to work(彼は病兵の捕虜を労働に狩り立てたことで罰を受ける(裁かれる)べき). Dunlop also said that(ダンロップは同じく言及→) he had “no feeling other than regret” (”後悔(遺憾)以外の感情がない”)for a person who(実施者に対して), when he is suffering(被害を受けていたとき(難儀(苦労)していたとき), takes it out by hitting someone else(他の人間を殴ることにより相殺?). Although Lee was one of the lowest ranking civilian employees in the Japanese army(李氏は日本軍最下位の身分軍属であるにしろ), prisoners believed he had the authority to compel work(捕虜たちは彼が労働を強要する権限を持っていたと信じた) and(そして) he became an object of hatred(憎悪の対象となる). The Japanese military drafted 240,000 Koreans to serve in the military(日本軍は24万人の朝鮮人を軍属として徴収(召集)した) and(さらに) in subordinate capacities as civilians(民間人として下位の容積). Of these(これら), 148 were convicted as B/C-class war criminals (148人はB・C級戦犯として裁かれた)and(加えて) 23 were hanged(23人が絞首刑). The following two reports on the case of Lee Hak Rae(続いた李氏の件についての報告(記録) and(加えて) other Koreans who served Japan in the building of the Burma-Thai Railway raise important issues of war responsibility(日本のビルマータイ鉄道建設に従事した朝鮮人に関して、軍属重要な戦争責任問題が浮上), human rights(人権), and(さらに) the nature of the Japanese imperial army (日本軍の本質)posed (姿勢(態度)by the B and C Class War Crimes Tribunals(裁判におけるB/C級戦犯). These trials(これらの裁判), which unfolded concurrently with the Tokyo trials(東京裁判で共に(平行=兼任)に明らかにされた), resulted in the conviction of thousands of low ranking Japanese soldiers (無数の下位日本兵たちの告発(起訴)を招き)and (加えて)civilian personnel(民間人) in direct interaction with allied POWs(連合軍捕虜との直接接触), as well as Korean personnel(同じく朝鮮人職員(軍属) who faced charges by their former prisoners(元囚人たちによる告発に面した). While the high command for the most part was untouched(一方、最高司令官たちは無罪放免(罰せられない), many of those with least authority were executed (これら少しでも権限を有していた多数は処刑された)and(加えて) others served long prison sentences(他は刑務所での長期にわたる懲役刑を受けた). We present two reports on the case of Lee Hak Rae and Koreans charged with B and C Class war crimes(私たちは李氏及び起訴されたB・C級戦犯たちの件に関する二つの報告を提出),and (さらに)the reexamination of their responsibility in contemporary Japan and South Korea(現代日本と韓国の責任について再調査(分析). Utsumi Aiko is professor of humanities at Keisen University, Tokyo(内海愛子(うつみ あいこ、1941年10月20日 - )は、歴史社会学者。マイノリティ研究、日本アジア関係論を専門としている。 恵泉女学園大学名誉教授). Her numerous books in Japanese include The Japanese Army’s Policies on Prisoners of War(彼女の膨大な著作は日本軍による戦争捕虜政策を含む), and(加えて) The Record of Korean Class B and C War Criminals(朝鮮人B・C級戦犯たちの記録). Her work in English includes “Japanese Racism, War (彼女の英語による仕事(著作)は”日本による人種差別”戦争)and(そして) the POW Experience” in War and State Terrorism(戦争と国家テロ主義での”戦争捕虜たちの経験”): The United States(アメリカ), Japan(日本) and the Asia Pacific(アジア太平洋) in the Long Twentieth Century (長かった20世紀)Mark Selden and Alvin So, eds(←による編集.) and(加えて) “Prisoners of War in the Pacific War:(太平洋戦争での捕虜たち) Japan’s Policy” in The Burma-Thai Railway (ビルマータイ鉄道においての日本による政策)Gavan McCormack and Hank Nelson, eds.←編集). Herbert P. Bix, author of Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan(裕仁と現代日本を作る=著者), writes on problems of war and empire(日本帝国と戦争問題について書いた). He is a Japan Focus associate(←のメンバー(会員),
Witness to War: A Spared Korean war criminal pursues redress
Nakamura Ikemi
Lee Hak Rae was stunned on March 20, 1947(李さんは1947年3月20日に啞然とした), when he stood in an Australian military court in Singapore (シンガポールの豪州軍法廷において)and(さらに) was sentenced to hang as a war criminal(戦犯として絞首刑) for the brutal treatment(残酷(野蛮)な取扱によって) he was accused of inflicting on ailing Allied prisoners of war(連合軍の戦争捕虜虐待) who were forced to build the infamous Death Railway to their last breath(彼らの最後の息において、悪名高い死の鉄道建設を強要された). Lee had been specifically accused by nine ex-POWs of collaborating with the Japanese military in forcing sick prisoners to build the Burma-Thai railway until many died(李さんは日本軍と共謀(協力)してとりわけ9人の元戦争捕虜病兵をビルマータイ鉄道路線工事で多数を死ぬまで働かせた). Lee had been a civilian worker recruited by the Imperial Japanese Army in Korea(李さんは、朝鮮において日本軍に徴募された軍属(民間人)であった), which from 1910 to 1945 was under Japanese colonial rule(1910年から1945年まで日本による植民地統治下). "I had never expected to receive the death penalty(”私は死刑を宣告されるとは予想もしなかった). I couldn't understand what happened to me(何故私に起こることになったか理解できない)," Lee, 82(李さん=82歳), and(及び) now a South Korean resident of Japan(現在、韓国籍の在日朝鮮人), recalled(は回想した). "When I was handcuffed(手錠をかけられたとき) and(加えて) felt the metal's coldness(鉄が冷たかった), the reality sank in(現実が沈んでいた(落ち込む(倒れた?)”." Spending eight months on death row in P Hall of Singapore's Changi Prison(シンガポールのチャンギ刑務所死刑囚用のPホールで8ヶ月過した), Class-B/C war criminal(BC級戦犯) Lee saw other war criminals hanged(李さんは他の囚人が絞首台に登るのを見た), including more than 10 Japanese and one Korean(10人の日本人と1人の朝鮮人を含む). But then on Nov. 7, 1947(しかし1947年11月7日), he was summoned by an Australian officer (豪州軍当局(将校)に召喚され)and(さらに) told his sentence had been commuted to 20 years of hard labor(20年の重労働刑に減刑されたと伝えられる). The guilty verdict changed Lee's fate(有罪評決は李さんの運命を変えた). After serving nine years as a war criminal(戦犯として9年服役後) — four years in the Singapore prison(4年間、シンガポール(チャンギ)刑務所) and(及び) another five years in Tokyo's Sugamo Prison(さらなる5年間を東京巣鴨プリズン(刑務所)で服役) — he devoted his life to supporting other Korean convicted war criminals (彼は他の朝鮮人戦犯たちを支援するのに人生を捧げた)and(加えて) their families in their struggle to win an apology (彼等の家族をして謝罪を勝ちとる闘争)and(そして) redress from Japan(日本からの補償). During the war(戦争中), Japan drafted about 240,000 Koreans to serve as "Japanese" soldiers or as civilian workers(日本は約24万人の朝鮮人を”日本人”兵士あるいは軍属(民間労働者)として徴収(召集)した). Of these Korean recruits(これら徴募された朝鮮人), 148 were convicted as Class-B/C war criminals for war crimes (148人がBC級戦犯として告発された)and(及び) for abusing POWs(捕虜虐待), and(さらに) 23 were hanged(23人が絞首刑), according to research by Aiko Utsumi(内海愛子氏の調査(研究)による), a professor at Keisen University in Tokyo( 恵泉女学園大学名誉教授)and(及び) an expert on Koreans convicted of war crimes(戦犯として裁かれ(起訴された)朝鮮人たちの専門家) at the International Military Tribunal for the Far East(極東軍事裁判(東京裁判)に関して). The government excluded Korean war criminals (政府は朝鮮人戦犯たちを除外(排除)した)and(そして) their families from most of the financial support Japanese war criminals(彼らの家族を、ほとんどの日本人戦犯に対する財政(経済)的 援助から)and (加えて)their families were entitled to(彼等の家族は資格(権利)がある), on grounds of nationality(国籍の土壌).When Japan signed the 1952 San Francisco Peace Treaty(1952年、日本がサンフランシスコ平和条約に調印(著名)したとき), restoring its sovereignty(主権を回復), Koreans were stripped of the Japanese citizenship they had been forced to adopt during Japan's colonial rule(日本の植民地統治期間に強制された日本市民権(国籍)を剥奪された). "Japan forced Koreans to participate in the war (as Japanese)(”日本は朝鮮人の戦争参加(協力)を強要した) but(しかし) then refused to pay us compensation(彼らは賠償を払うのを拒否している) because (なぜなら)we were suddenly no longer Japanese citizens(我々は突然、日本市民ではなくなったから). That's irrational(これは不合理(ばかげた)ことだ)," said Lee(李さんは言及), who now runs a taxi company in Tokyo(現在、東京でタクシー会社を経営している). "The government's attitude is unforgivable."(”日本政府の態度は許しがたい”)
まったくです(号泣)
Lee lived in a southwestern province of Korea until 1942, when, at age 17(1942年まで、17歳だった李さんは韓国の南西道(州)に住んでいた), he(彼) and(及び) some 3,000 other Koreans were recruited as civilians to guard Allied POWs in Southeast Asia(約3千人の朝鮮人が南東アジアで連合軍捕虜の監視員(軍属)として召集(徴募)された) as the
prisoners were forced to build airstrips(捕虜たちは飛行場建設を強制) and railways for the Imperial army(大日本帝国陸軍のために鉄道路線). After two months of basic training at Busan(釜山における2ヶ月の一般的訓練後), he was sent to Hintok(彼はヒントクに送られた), Thailand(タイ), and(及び), with six other Koreans(他6人の朝鮮人とともに, guarded some 500 Australian, British and Dutch POWs(豪州、イギリス加えてオランダ兵捕虜約500人を監視) constructing the 415-km Thai-Burma railway(415キロのタイービルマ鉄道を建設), which was made famous with the movie(有名な映画が作られた⇒) "The Bridge on the River Kwai."(”戦場にかける橋”=フランス語→Le Pont de la rivière Kwaï (The Bridge on the River Kwai) est un film britanno-américain, réalisé par David Lean et sorti en 1957.) Lee had to obey Japanese officers (李さんは日本人将校に従うしかなかった)eager to build the railway as quickly as possible(可能な限り速やかな鉄道路線建設を熱望する), and(さらに) supply them with enough POWs for the construction(建設のため捕虜たちを供給). But most of the POWs were in a weakened state(しかしほとんどの捕虜たちは弱っていた), many extremely sick(多数が極度に病気), and(そして) thus(したがって(だから) not up to the task(任務にそぐわない), putting the Korean guards in a dilemma(朝鮮人監視員たちを板ばさみ(ジレンマ)に陥れた), Lee said(李さんは言及). "We didn't know anything about human rights or the Geneva Conventions" (”私たちは人権あるいはジュネーヴ条約に関して何も知らなかった”)stipulating the humane treatment of POWs,(捕虜たちの人道的扱いを要求(規定) he claimed(彼は主張した). "We didn't have the power (to resist the Japanese officers)(”私たちは権限がなかった(日本軍当局に反抗する)." The POWs' quarters were makeshift, rough and leaky(4分の1に及ぶ捕虜たちは間に合わせ(その場しのぎ)、粗末(不便)さらにもらしやすかった). They were given little food, clothing or medicine,(彼らは少量の食料、衣服加えて医療(薬品)しか与えられなかった) and(そして) many suffered malnutrition and debilitating diseases, including malaria, dysentery and cholera(多数は栄養失調さらにマラリア、赤痢及びコレラを含む衰弱性疾患による病気を患っていた), Lee said(李さんは言う), adding many of them died(彼等の多くが死んだ). It is estimated that more than 10,000 POWs and tens of thousands of Asian laborers died(推定で1万以上の捕虜たち及び何万ものアジア人労働者が死亡)building what became known as the Death Railway(死の鉄道として知られることになった路線建設のため). In 1991(1991年に), Lee flew to Australia to attend a symposium(李さんは討論会(シンポジウム=会議)に参加するため豪州に飛んだ) on the war (戦争について)and(及び) meet up with one of the Australian POWs he once guarded in Thailand(かつてタイで監視した豪州捕虜たちに会った). The ex-prisoner didn't know Lee (元囚人は李さんを知らなかった)had been sentenced to hang for abusing POWs(捕虜虐待により絞首刑を宣告). "I was still obsessed with the death sentence(私は今だに死刑を心配している(悩まされている=取り付かれている) and(加えて) my fellow countryman's execution (as a war criminal=私の同国人仲間の戦犯としての処刑), so it wasn't easy for me to meet him(だから私にとって彼に会うのは安易(簡単)ではなかった). But I apologized to him as one of his abusers(しかし私は彼の虐待者だった1人として謝罪した) . . . we understood each other and reconciled(われわれは共に理解し合い、そして和解した”)," Lee said(李さんは語った). "Looking back(振り返ってみると), I now think I did the right thing(私は正しいことをしたと今思う) (in making the trip=旅行したこと)." When Japan surrendered(日本が降伏した時), Lee thought he would finally be able to return to Korea(李さんはようやく韓国に帰ることが出来ると思った). But he was soon arrested by the Allied forces for the deadly abuse of POWs(しかし彼はまもなく連合軍により徹底的な捕虜虐待の理由で逮捕された), and (加えて)subsequently sentenced to hang(後に絞首刑の判決を受ける). Lee remembers the last dinners held for his fellow condemned war criminals in Changi Prison's P Hall in 1947, before they were hanged(李さんは1947年、チャンギ刑務所のPホールにて戦犯として絞首刑前の仲間たちと夕食を食べたのを覚えている). They were served rice, miso soup and tempura(彼等には飯、味噌汁そして天麩羅が出された). Although they were not allowed to drink(酒を飲むことは許されなかったけど), they talked about their loved ones, sang songs(彼らは愛する人たちについて語り、歌を歌った) and(そして) danced for two hours(2時間踊った). The one Korean wished his fellow inmates all the best the next morning,(一人の朝鮮人は次の朝、彼の仲間たちに最善を祈った)and(加えて) cried out "Independence banzai!" as he was hanged(”独立万歳”を叫び絞首された), Lee recalled(李さんは回顧する). "I was convicted of forcing sick POWs to work(”私は病気の捕虜たちを仕事に狩り立てたとして告発された). But I just followed Japan's policy on the treatment of POWs(しかし私は日本の捕虜に対する処遇政策に従っただけ)," he said(彼は言及). "Some of my fellow countrymen were executed (一部の同国人の仲間は処刑された)as war criminals=戦犯として). My mission is to settle the score (with the Japanese government私の任務(使命)は日本政府との得点を清算(解決)することだ) for the deceased(死んだものたちのために)." Lee was moved from Singapore to Sugamo Prison in 1951(1951年に李さんはシンガポールから巣鴨プリズン(現池袋サンシャイン60)に移送された) and(さらに) freed in 1956(1956年、釈放), but his ordeal, as that of other Koreans convicted of war crimes, continued(しかし彼の使命(任務)他の朝鮮人戦犯との厳しい試練(苦しい体験)は続いた). They could not return to what had become South Korea (彼らは大韓民国となった国へ帰ることはできない)not only because they were on probation(彼らは仮釈放であったばかりでなく), but also because those Koreans who served the Japanese military(これら朝鮮人は日本軍の軍属であったため) were branded as collaborators back home(親日協力(共謀)者との烙印を押された), Lee said(李さんは言及), noting this stigma forced them to stay in Japan(この汚名(不名誉)恥辱が彼等をして日本に滞在させた), where they had to endure strong discrimination(激しい差別を堪えなければいけないところ(場所). "We had no acquaintances (in Japan=我々は日本に知り合いはいなかった). There was no place to go(どこにも行く場所がなく) and(また) no jobs were available(仕事もなかった). We were in severe distress(我々は堪え難い苦悩に陥った)," he said(彼は言う), noting tht the conditions led two of his fellow ex-convicts commit suicide(状況が二人の元戦犯仲間を自殺に追い込んだ) and(及び) another two to suffer mental illness(他の2人は精神障害を患う). To change the situation(状況を変えるため), Lee formed the group Doshinkai in 1955 with 70 other South Koreans with similar experiences(1955年、李さんは似たような経験を持つ韓国人と同志会を組織(樹立)した). While demanding that the government equally support Koreans(一方で日本政府に朝鮮人に平等な支援を要求する) who had been convicted of war crimes(戦犯として告発された) and(さらに) their families(彼等の家族), the group set up a taxi company in Tokyo in 1960(1960年に団体はタクシー会社を立ち上げた) to provide members with jobs(会員たちに仕事を与えるため) and(加えて) a guaranteed livelihood(生活を保障する). In 1991(1991年には), the group sued the government(団体は日本政府を訴えた), demanding an apology and redress(謝罪と補償を要求). The Supreme Court rejected their claim(最高裁は要求を却下(拒否), although it admitted the state failed to enact laws to help the plaintiffs(しかし国家が法に基づき原告を助けなかったのを認めた). Lee said the ruling (主な)shows(示唆) the government has not looked squarely (政府は四角(正しく)みていないと李さんは語る)at the fact(事実) that Japan caused tremendous damage to many people during the war(日本は戦争中、恐るべき被害を多数の人々に与えた)."I will continue our activities until the government shows sincere remorse(私は日本政府が誠実な後悔(良心の呵責)を示すまで活動を続ける). This problem will not end even after all of us die(問題はわれわれの死後も終わらない)," Lee said(李さんは言及). "The following generation will keep raising this issue(次世代が問題を提起し続ける). This is a slightly abbreviated version of an article that appeared in The Japan Times on Saturday(これは土曜日のジャパンタイムスに現れた記事を若干省略(短縮)した版(バージョン)である), Aug. 18, 2007.  Nakamura Ikemi is a staff writer for the Japan Times(2007年8月18日、ジャパンタイムスの著述員中村氏).  Koreans on the Thai-Burma Railroad and War Responsibility(タイービルマ鉄道及び戦争責任と朝鮮人) Gil Hyeong-yun Translated by Daniel Rakove(⇒によって翻訳された)・・・以下↑と同じ内容なので削除しました)
이학래(李學來, 1938년 12월 26일 ~ )는 대한민국의 체육인으로 전직 유도 선수와 유도 심판이었고 대학 교수를 역임하였다. 현재 한양대학교 명예교수, 대한체육회 고문, 민족통일체육연구원 이사장으로 있다.
르번구이쯔(중국어: 日本鬼子) 중화권 국가에서 일본인을 비하의 의미로 부르는 중국어 욕이다.개요
"구이쯔"(중국어: "鬼子")는 원래 요재지이의 화피로 언급된 도사의 마귀에게 사용된 멸칭이었다.[출처 필요]
중국은 원래 중국을 침략하는 서양인에게 구이쯔라는 멸칭을 사용했는데, 이는 동양인에는 없는 서양인의 얼굴 생김새가 마귀처럼 보였기 때문이었다. 그러나 청일 전쟁 이후 구이쯔는 일본인을 뜻하는 말이 되었으며, 현재는 일본인을 비하하는 말로 사용되는 경우가 많다. 구이쯔는 대개 일본인을 뜻하지만, 보다 명확하게 리번구이쯔라는 말을 사용한다.[출처 필요] 한편 "양구이쯔"(중국어: "洋鬼子")와 "시양구이쯔"(중국어: "西洋鬼子")는 서양인을 낮잡아 부르는 뜻으로 쓰인다.
"자구이쯔"(중국어: "假鬼子")와 "자양구이쯔"(중국어: "假洋鬼子")는 루쉰의 단편소설 아큐정전에서 사용된 말로, 원래는 외국인을 가장한 중국인을 뜻하는 말이었으나, 이후에는 외국인에게 아첨하는 중국인을 뜻하는 말이 되었다.[출처 필요本鬼子中国語読み; リーベングイズ、拼音: rìběn guǐzi)は、主に中国語圏(中国・台湾・シンガポール)で使われる、日本人を指す最大級の蔑称である。これとほぼ同義の語に東洋鬼(トンヤンクイ)がある[1][2]。]日本鬼子是華人對日本人的蔑稱之一,源自針對西洋侵略者的「洋鬼子」此一蔑稱,在甲午战争後,鬼子亦被用日本侵略者上。抗战結束后,「日本鬼子」演变成為華人地區經常用以形容日本人的蔑稱。「日本鬼子」有時简称「鬼子」,比如电影《鬼子来了》和歌曲《大刀向鬼子们的头上砍去》中的「鬼子」,就是指向來自日本的侵略者。“小鬼子”一词一般也特指日本人,因当年侵华日军士兵身材普遍较中国人和西洋人矮小。[1]“日本鬼子”這個詞語後來用於日本導演松井稔於2001年拍攝的電影《日本鬼子:日中15年战争·原皇军士兵的告白》。有日本評論指出,因為兩地文化不同,日本文化中視鬼為「有強大力量」的象徵,並非像中國文化般視鬼為「非人」,所以即使看到中國的示威標語寫日本鬼子,亦難以明白此蔑稱中的實際貶義。





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